FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Scientific reports2022; 12(1); 15795; doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17532-1

Effectiveness of immunization with multi-component bacterial immunomodulator in foals at 35th day of life.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanisms leading to immunization through the use of a multicomponent bacterial immunomodulator and to find out the relationship between the TLR 4 receptor with selected parameters of innate immunity and to acquire immunity. The study was conducted on 18 Polish Pony Horses foals divided into two study groups: control (n = 9) and experimental (n = 9). Foals from the experimental group received intramuscular duplicate injection of 5 ml of multi-component bacterial immunomodular at 35 and 40 days of age. RNA isolated from venous blood was used to evaluate the expression of TLR4 genes using RT-PCR. Concentration of Il-6, IL-10, IgM and IgG2 was determined by the ELISA method in blood plasma. Immunostimulation had a significant impact on the level of genes expression for TLR4 expression and IL-6 concentration. No effect of stimulation on IgM and IgG2 concentrations was found. The expression of TLR4 genes as well as the levels of interleukins could be modulated by stimulation with a pharmacological agent multi-component bacterial immunomodulator. The experiment demonstrated a strong positive correlation between TLR4 gene expression and IL-6 concentration and between TLR4 gene expression and IgM concentration.
© 2022. The Author(s).
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-22 PubMed ID: 36138050PubMed Central: PMC9499974DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17532-1Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on the effectiveness of a bacterial immunomodulator on foal immunity at the 35th day of life. The study demonstrates significant changes in the expression of the TLR4 gene and IL-6 concentration post-immunostimulation, and a firm positive correlation between TLR4 gene expression and both IL-6 and IgM concentrations.

Research Methodology

  • The research was conducted on 18 Polish Pony Horses, which were separated into two groups: the control group and the experimental group, each comprising of 9 foals.
  • While the control group wasn’t subjected to any particular treatment, the foals in the experimental group were administered an intramuscular injection of 5ml of a multi-component bacterial immunomodulator twice, once at the age of 35 days and again at 40 days.
  • The expression of the TLR4 genes was studied using RNA isolated from venous blood – this was carried out using a method known as RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction).
  • In order to measure the concentrations of Il-6, IL-10, IgM, and IgG2, the ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) method was used.

Research Findings

  • Immunostimulation resulted in evident changes in the levels of TLR4 gene expression and the concentration of IL-6.
  • The immunostimulation procedure had no discernable effect on the concentrations of IgM and IgG2.
  • The levels of TLR4 gene expression and interleukins could potentially be regulated through stimulation with a multicomponent bacterial immunomodulator.
  • The research found a strong positive correlation between TLR4 gene expression and IL-6 concentration, as well as between TLR4 gene expression and IgM concentration.

Conclusions

  • The study concluded that the immunostimulation using a multi-component bacterial immunomodulator can have a significant effect on the immune system of a young foal. This is particularly observable in the increased expression of the TLR4 gene and the concentration of IL-6 in the blood.
  • While the immunomodulator didn’t appear to directly influence the levels of IgM and IgG2, there was still a strong correlation found between the expression of TLR4 genes and IgM concentration, thereby indicating a potential indirect relationship.
  • The results of the study suggest that the use of a multi-component bacterial immunomodulator could potentially be a viable strategy for stimulating and strengthening the immune system in foal horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Anna M, Łukasz M, Adam O, Chełmońska-Soyta A. (2022). Effectiveness of immunization with multi-component bacterial immunomodulator in foals at 35th day of life. Sci Rep, 12(1), 15795. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17532-1

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 15795
PII: 15795

Researcher Affiliations

Anna, Migdał
  • Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland. anna.migdal@urk.edu.pl.
Łukasz, Migdał
  • Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
Adam, Okólski
  • University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJ-UR, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
Chełmońska-Soyta, Anna
  • Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12 Street, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland.
  • Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Division of Immunologyand Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmentaland Life Sciences, Norwida 31 Street, 50-375, Wroclaw, Poland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Animals, Newborn
  • Horses
  • Immunoglobulin G
  • Immunoglobulin M
  • Immunologic Factors / pharmacology
  • Interleukin-10
  • Interleukin-6 / genetics
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • Interleukins
  • RNA
  • Toll-Like Receptor 4 / genetics
  • Vaccination

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

References

This article includes 40 references
  1. Perkins GA, Wagner B. The development of equine immunity: Current knowledge on immunology in the young horse.. Equine Vet J 2015 May;47(3):267-74.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12387pubmed: 25405920google scholar: lookup
  2. Koterba AM. Equine Clinical Neonatology. .
  3. Flaminio MJ, Rush BR, Davis EG, Hennessy K, Shuman W, Wilkerson MJ. Characterization of peripheral blood and pulmonary leukocyte function in healthy foals.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000 Mar 15;73(3-4):267-85.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00149-5pubmed: 10713340google scholar: lookup
  4. Lavoie JP, Spensley MS, Smith BP, Mihalyi J. Absorption of bovine colostral immunoglobulins G and M in newborn foals.. Am J Vet Res 1989 Sep;50(9):1598-603.
    pubmed: 2508519
  5. Tallmadge RL, McLaughlin K, Secor E, Ruano D, Matychak MB, Flaminio MJ. Expression of essential B cell genes and immunoglobulin isotypes suggests active development and gene recombination during equine gestation.. Dev Comp Immunol 2009 Sep;33(9):1027-38.
    doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2009.05.002pubmed: 19442687google scholar: lookup
  6. Nelson KM, Schram BR, McGregor MW, Sheoran AS, Olsen CW, Lunn DP. Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination.. Vaccine 1998 Aug;16(13):1306-13.
    doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00009-7pubmed: 9682395google scholar: lookup
  7. Sheoran AS, Timoney JF, Holmes MA, Karzenski SS, Crisman MV. Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Sep;61(9):1099-105.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1099pubmed: 10976743google scholar: lookup
  8. Wilson WD, Mihalyi JE, Hussey S, Lunn DP. Passive transfer of maternal immunoglobulin isotype antibodies against tetanus and influenza and their effect on the response of foals to vaccination.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):644-50.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249435pubmed: 11770984google scholar: lookup
  9. Holznagel DL, Hussey S, Mihalyi JE, Wilson WD, Lunn DP. Onset of immunoglobulin production in foals.. Equine Vet J 2003 Sep;35(6):620-2.
    doi: 10.2746/042516403775467153pubmed: 14515965google scholar: lookup
  10. Kita J, Anusz K, Zaleska M. Szczepienia koni. Życie Wet 2005;80:625–631.
  11. Werner GH, Jollès P. Immunostimulating agents: what next? A review of their present and potential medical applications.. Eur J Biochem 1996 Nov 15;242(1):1-19.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0001r.xpubmed: 8954147google scholar: lookup
  12. Tzianabos AO. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000 Oct;13(4):523-33.
    doi: 10.1128/CMR.13.4.523pmc: PMC88946pubmed: 11023954google scholar: lookup
  13. Borchers AT, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity: an update.. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004 May;229(5):393-406.
    doi: 10.1177/153537020422900507pubmed: 15096651google scholar: lookup
  14. Wiśniewski J, Siwicki AK, Wiśniewska M. Wprowadzenie do ogólnej i klinicznej immunologii weterynaryjnej. Wydawnictwo UW-M, Olsztyn, 212–226 (2004) (In Polish).
  15. Myśliwski A, Dzierzbicka K, Wardowska A. Immunomodulatory naturalne: muramylodipeptyd (MDP) tuftsyna modyfikowane drogą syntezy nowych pochodnych. In: A.K. Siwicki, E. Skopińska-Różewska, Olsztyn (eds) Naturalne i syntetyczne modulatory odpowiedzi immunologicznej i angiogenezy. pp 27–32. (2006).
  16. Higgins AJ, Snyder JR. The equine manual. 2. Elsevier Saunders; 2006.
  17. Cohen ND. Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994 May 15;204(10):1644-51.
    pubmed: 8050947
  18. Vendrig JC, Coffeng LE, Fink-Gremmels J. Effects of Separate and Concomitant TLR-2 and TLR-4 Activation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Newborn and Adult Horses.. PLoS One 2013;8(6):e66897.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066897pmc: PMC3686748pubmed: 23840549google scholar: lookup
  19. Tessier L, Bienzle D, Williams LB, Koch TG. Phenotypic and immunomodulatory properties of equine cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0122954.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122954pmc: PMC4406608pubmed: 25902064google scholar: lookup
  20. Hansen S, Baptiste KE, Fjeldborg J, Betancourt A, Horohov DW. A comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Apr 15;158(3-4):238-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.001pubmed: 24603016google scholar: lookup
  21. Lin X, Huang C, Shi J, Wang R, Sun X, Liu X, Zhao L, Jin M. Investigation of Pathogenesis of H1N1 Influenza Virus and Swine Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Co-Infection in Pigs by Microarray Analysis.. PLoS One 2015;10(4):e0124086.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124086pmc: PMC4407888pubmed: 25906258google scholar: lookup
  22. Levy O, Zarember KA, Roy RM, Cywes C, Godowski PJ, Wessels MR. Selective impairment of TLR-mediated innate immunity in human newborns: neonatal blood plasma reduces monocyte TNF-alpha induction by bacterial lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharide, and imiquimod, but preserves the response to R-848.. J Immunol 2004 Oct 1;173(7):4627-34.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4627pubmed: 15383597google scholar: lookup
  23. Yerkovich ST, Wikström ME, Suriyaarachchi D, Prescott SL, Upham JW, Holt PG. Postnatal development of monocyte cytokine responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide.. Pediatr Res 2007 Nov;62(5):547-52.
    doi: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181568105pubmed: 17805207google scholar: lookup
  24. Wagner B, Burton A, Ainsworth D. Interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 production by T helper cells reveals intact Th1 and regulatory TR1 cell activation and a delay of the Th2 cell response in equine neonates and foals.. Vet Res 2010 Jul-Aug;41(4):47.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010019pmc: PMC2865874pubmed: 20374696google scholar: lookup
  25. Sponseller BA, de Macedo MM, Clark SK, Gallup JM, Jones DE. Activation of peripheral blood monocytes results in more robust production of IL-10 in neonatal foals compared to adult horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Jan 15;127(1-2):167-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.013pubmed: 18976818google scholar: lookup
  26. Breathnach CC, Sturgill-Wright T, Stiltner JL, Adams AA, Lunn DP, Horohov DW. Foals are interferon gamma-deficient at birth.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 Aug 15;112(3-4):199-209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.010pubmed: 16621024google scholar: lookup
  27. Burton AB, Wagner B, Erb HN, Ainsworth DM. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 concentrations in normal and septic neonatal foals.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Dec 15;132(2-4):122-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.05.006pubmed: 19501415google scholar: lookup
  28. Böttcher MF, Jenmalm MC, Garofalo RP, Björkstén B. Cytokines in breast milk from allergic and nonallergic mothers.. Pediatr Res 2000 Jan;47(1):157-62.
    doi: 10.1203/00006450-200001000-00026pubmed: 10625097google scholar: lookup
  29. Hagiwara K, Kataoka S, Yamanaka H, Kirisawa R, Iwai H. Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000 Oct 31;76(3-4):183-90.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00213-0pubmed: 11044552google scholar: lookup
  30. Nguyen TV, Yuan L, Azevedo MS, Jeong KI, Gonzalez AM, Saif LJ. Transfer of maternal cytokines to suckling piglets: in vivo and in vitro models with implications for immunomodulation of neonatal immunity.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007 Jun 15;117(3-4):236-48.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.02.013pmc: PMC4094377pubmed: 17403542google scholar: lookup
  31. Zanardo V, Golin R, Amato M, Trevisanuto D, Favaro F, Faggian D, Plebani M. Cytokines in human colostrum and neonatal jaundice.. Pediatr Res 2007 Aug;62(2):191-4.
    doi: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e31809871c9pubmed: 17597660google scholar: lookup
  32. Yamanaka H, Hagiwara K, Kirisawa R, Iwai H. Transient detection of proinflammatory cytokines in sera of colostrum-fed newborn calves.. J Vet Med Sci 2003 Jul;65(7):813-6.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.65.813pubmed: 12939511google scholar: lookup
  33. Bondo T, Jensen SK. Administration of RRR-α-tocopherol to pregnant mares stimulates maternal IgG and IgM production in colostrum and enhances vitamin E and IgM status in foals.. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011 Apr;95(2):214-22.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01043.xpubmed: 20796079google scholar: lookup
  34. Flaminio MJ, Rush BR, Shuman W. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin concentrations in healthy foals and foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. J Vet Intern Med 1999 May-Jun;13(3):206-12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02180.xpubmed: 10357110google scholar: lookup
  35. Ryan C, Giguère S. Equine neonates have attenuated humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a killed adjuvanted vaccine compared to adult horses.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010 Dec;17(12):1896-902.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00328-10pmc: PMC3008191pubmed: 20943883google scholar: lookup
  36. Jacks S, Giguère S, Crawford PC, Castleman WL. Experimental infection of neonatal foals with Rhodococcus equi triggers adult-like gamma interferon induction.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007 Jun;14(6):669-77.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00042-07pmc: PMC1951072pubmed: 17409222google scholar: lookup
  37. Felippe MB. Equine Clinical Immunology. Wiley-Blackwell; 2016.
  38. Lewis MJ, Wagner B, Woof JM. The different effector function capabilities of the seven equine IgG subclasses have implications for vaccine strategies.. Mol Immunol 2008 Feb;45(3):818-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.158pmc: PMC2075531pubmed: 17669496google scholar: lookup
  39. Jaworski Z. Tablice Genealogiczne Koników Polskich Genealogical Tables of the Polish Primitive Horse. Stacja Badawcza Rolnictwa Ekologicznego i Hodowli Zachowawczej Zwierzat PAN: Popielno, Poland (1997) (In Polish).
  40. Hoehler D. The Institute for Animal Nutrition and Metabolic Physiology. Kiel University; 1997.

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,727 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.