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American journal of veterinary research2004; 65(10); 1342-1346; doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1342

Effects of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water.

Abstract: To quantitate the dose- and time-related effects of IV administration of xylazine and detomidine on urine characteristics in horses deprived of feed and water. Methods: 6 horses. Methods: Feed and water were withheld for 24 hours followed by i.v. administration of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution, xylazine (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg), or detomidine (0.03 mg/kg). Horses were treated 4 times, each time with a different protocol. Following treatment, urine and blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Blood samples were analyzed for PCV and serum concentrations of total plasma solids, sodium, and potassium. Urine samples were analyzed for pH and concentrations of glucose, proteins, sodium, and potassium. Results: Baseline (before treatment) urine flow was 0.30 +/- 0.03 mL/kg/h and did not significantly change after treatment with saline solution and low-dose xylazine but transiently increased by 1 hour after treatment with high-dose xylazine or detomidine. Total urine output at 2 hours following treatment was 312 +/- 101 mL versus 4,845 +/- 272 mL for saline solution and detomidine, respectively. Absolute values of urine concentrations of sodium and potassium also variably increased following xylazine and detomidine administration. Conclusions: Xylazine and detomidine administration in horses deprived of feed and water causes transient increases in urine volume and loss of sodium and potassium. Increase in urine flow is directly related to dose and type of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Dehydration in horses may be exacerbated by concurrent administration of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists.
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Publication Date: 2004-11-05 PubMed ID: 15524320DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1342Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Comparative Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research undertook to evaluate the impact of the drugs xylazine and detomidine, two alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists, on urine output and characteristics in horses that had been deprived of feed and water. Results showed transient increases in urine volume and loss of vital electrolytes – sodium, and potassium post administration of these drugs.

Research Methodology

  • The study utilized six horses as subjects. Food and water were withheld from these horses for a period of 24 hours.
  • The horses then received an intravenous administration of either a saline solution, xylazine at doses of 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg, or detomidine at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg.
  • Each horse was subjected to each of the four treatments, with blood and urine samples being taken at intervals of 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after treatment.
  • The blood samples were tested for Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and serum concentrations of total plasma solids, sodium, and potassium.
  • Urine samples were tested for pH levels and the concentrations of glucose, proteins, sodium, and potassium.

Findings

  • The baseline urine flow was calculated to be 0.30 +/- 0.03 mL/kg/h, which did not change significantly after treatment with the saline solution or a low dose of xylazine.
  • A transient increase in urine flow was observed one hour after treatment with a high dose of xylazine or with detomidine.
  • The total output of urine 2 hours after treatment was found to be 312 +/- 101 mL with the saline solution, and 4,845 +/- 272 mL with detomidine.
  • Urine concentrations of sodium and potassium also showed variable increases following the administration of xylazine and detomidine.

Conclusions

  • Administration of xylazine and detomidine in horses, when deprived of feed and water, caused a temporary increase in urine volume and loss of sodium and potassium.
  • The increase in urine flow is directly related to the dose and type of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist.
  • The dehydration state in horses could be worsened with the concurrent administration of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists.

Cite This Article

APA
Nuñez E, Steffey EP, Ocampo L, Rodriguez A, Garcia AA. (2004). Effects of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water. Am J Vet Res, 65(10), 1342-1346. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.1342

Publication

American journal of veterinary research
ISSN: 0002-9645
NlmUniqueID: 0375011
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 65
Issue: 10
Pages: 1342-1346

Researcher Affiliations

Nuñez, Enrique
  • Department of Medicine and Surgery in Equines, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Autonmous University of México, Villa Obregón, México City, México.
Steffey, Eugene P
    Ocampo, Luis
      Rodriguez, Alejandro
        Garcia, Alma A

          MeSH Terms

          • Adrenergic Agonists / pharmacology
          • Analysis of Variance
          • Animals
          • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
          • Food Deprivation / physiology
          • Glycosuria / urine
          • Horses / physiology
          • Imidazoles / pharmacology
          • Potassium / blood
          • Potassium / urine
          • Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2 / metabolism
          • Sodium / blood
          • Sodium / urine
          • Urination / drug effects
          • Water Deprivation / physiology
          • Xylazine / pharmacology

          Citations

          This article has been cited 6 times.
          1. Kerr CL, Keating SCJ, Arroyo LG, Viel L. Cardiopulmonary effects and recovery characteristics associated with 2 sedative protocols for assisted ventilation in healthy neonatal foals. Can J Vet Res 2021 Oct;85(4):251-260.
            pubmed: 34602729
          2. Pakkanen SAE, de Vries A, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Palviainen MJ, Sankari SM, Vainio OM. Changes in energy metabolism, and levels of stress-related hormones and electrolytes in horses after intravenous administration of romifidine and the peripheral α-2 adrenoceptor antagonist vatinoxan. Acta Vet Scand 2018 May 9;60(1):27.
            doi: 10.1186/s13028-018-0380-xpubmed: 29743097google scholar: lookup
          3. Murahata Y, Miki Y, Hikasa Y. Antagonistic effects of atipamezole, yohimbine, and prazosin on xylazine-induced diuresis in clinically normal cats. Can J Vet Res 2014 Oct;78(4):304-15.
            pubmed: 25356000
          4. Guzmán JFC, Gontijo AS, Melgaço ES, Faria SA, Baldi MLC, Sousa LN, Wenceslau RR, Fantini P, Xavier ABDS, Beier SL. Analgesic and Gastrointestinal Effects of Morphine in Equines. Animals (Basel) 2025 Feb 17;15(4).
            doi: 10.3390/ani15040571pubmed: 40003052google scholar: lookup
          5. Lindh E, Meller A, Raekallio M. Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. Acta Vet Scand 2024 May 31;66(1):23.
            doi: 10.1186/s13028-024-00744-ypubmed: 38822394google scholar: lookup
          6. Viterbo L, Hughes J, Milner PI, Bardell D. Arterial Blood Gas, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Values as Diagnostic and Prognostic Indicators in Equine Colic. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 17;13(20).
            doi: 10.3390/ani13203241pubmed: 37893965google scholar: lookup
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