Effects of anesthetic protocol, procedure, and recovery stall and interval on the quality of recovery in repeatedly anesthetized horses.
Abstract: The objective of this prospective study was to investigate whether repeated consecutive general anesthesia in horses undergoing 2 different anesthetic protocols could lead to improved recovery scores. Six healthy female Standardbred horses (453 ± 57 kg; 6.5 ± 4.2 y old) underwent 4 anesthetic protocols over 12 to 13 wk. Procedures 1 and 4 were arthroscopic surgeries [induction: xylazine, diazepam, and ketamine; and maintenance: Fe'Isoflurane (1.1%), lidocaine (2 mg/kg body weight [BW], 50 to 100 μg/min per kg BW), dexmedetomidine (2.5 μg/h per kg BW)]. Procedures 2 and 3 were preparation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [induction: xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine; and maintenance: Fe'Isoflurane (1.3%)], as well as mechanical ventilation during all events. For recovery, horses were placed in 2 different recovery stalls, one for procedures 1 and 4, and a different one for procedures 2 and 3, and received xylazine, 0.15 to 0.25 mg/kg BW, IV. Recovery was scored using a numerical score and descriptive scale. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare recovery scores, cardiopulmonary variables, anesthetic times, and drug dosages between procedures (P < 0.05). Anesthetic protocols for procedures 3 (10.5 ± 2.5) and 4 (10.2 ± 3.1) had better (P = 0.0348) recovery numerical scores than those for procedure 2 (14.3 ± 1.9) and were similar to those for procedure 1 (11.5 ± 2.3), but overall descriptive scores were not significantly different (1 = 1.7 ± 0.5, 2 = 1.8 ± 0.4, 3 = 1.3 ± 0.5, 4 = 1.3 ± 0.5). Balance and coordination (P = 0.0172) and knuckling (P = 0.0193) were associated with worse recovery in procedure 2. Anesthesia time was longer (P < 0.0001) in procedures 2 (157 ± 11 min) and 3 (96 ± 5 min) than in procedures 1 (72 ± 9 min) and 4 (60 ± 5 min). In conclusion, the quality of recovery is influenced by anesthetic protocol and in this study, quality improved in procedures 3 and 4 compared to procedure 2. L’objectif de cette étude prospective était de déterminer si des anesthésies générales consécutives répétées chez des chevaux soumis à 2 protocoles d’anesthésie différents pouvaient conduire à de meilleurs scores de récupération. Six juments Standardbred en bonne santé (453 ± 57 kg; 6,5 ± 4,2 ans) ont subi 4 protocoles d’anesthésie sur une période de 12 à 13 semaines. Les procédures 1 et 4 étaient des chirurgies arthroscopiques [induction : xylazine, diazépam et kétamine; et entretien : FE’Isoflurane (1,1 %), lidocaïne (2 mg/kg de poids corporel [PC], 50 à 100 μg/min par kg PC), dexmédétomidine (2,5 μg/h par kg PC)]. Les procédures 2 et 3 étaient une préparation à l’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) [induction : xylazine, guaifénésine et kétamine; et entretien : FE’Isoflurane (1,3 %)], ainsi qu’une ventilation mécanique pendant tous les événements. Pour la récupération, les chevaux ont été placés dans 2 stalles de récupération différentes, une pour les procédures 1 et 4, et une autre pour les procédures 2 et 3, et ont reçu de la xylazine, 0,15 à 0,25 mg/kg de poids corporel, IV. La récupération a été notée à l’aide d’un score numérique et d’une échelle descriptive. Une analyse de variance à un facteur (ANOVA) a été utilisée pour comparer les scores de récupération, les variables cardiopulmonaires, les temps d’anesthésie et les dosages de médicaments entre les procédures (P < 0,05). Les protocoles d’anesthésie pour les procédures 3 (10,5 ± 2,5) et 4 (10,2 ± 3,1) avaient de meilleurs scores numériques de récupération (P = 0,0348) que ceux de la procédure 2 (14,3 ± 1,9) et étaient similaires à ceux de la procédure 1 (11,5 ± 2,3), mais les scores descriptifs globaux n’étaient pas significativement différents (1 = 1,7 ± 0,5, 2 = 1,8 ± 0,4, 3 = 1,3 ± 0,5, 4 = 1,3 ± 0,5). L’équilibre et la coordination (P = 0,0172) et la flexion des articulations (P = 0,0193) étaient associés à une moins bonne récupération dans la procédure 2. Le temps d’anesthésie était plus long (P < 0,0001) dans les procédures 2 (157 ± 11 min) et 3 (96 ± 5 min) que dans les procédures 1 (72 ± 9 min) et 4 (60 ± 5 min). En conclusion, la qualité de la récupération est influencée par le protocole d’anesthésie et dans cette étude, la qualité s’est améliorée dans les procédures 3 et 4 par rapport à la procédure 2.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).
Copyright and/or publishing rights held by the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association.
Publication Date: 2025-01-02 PubMed ID: 39744466PubMed Central: PMC11665727
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- Journal Article
- Clinical Trial
- Veterinary
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research studied the effects of different anesthetic protocols, procedures, and recovery stalls on the recovery quality of anesthetized horses. It indicated that the selection of anesthetic protocols played a significant role in recovery, suggesting that certain protocols improved recovery in the studied horses.
Objective of the Research
- The goal of this study was to determine the impacts of repeated general anesthesia on horses, and if alternating between two anesthetic protocols led to better recovery scores.
Methodology
- Six healthy female Standardbred horses were subjected to four different anesthetic protocols over 3 months.
- The horses underwent two different types of procedures: arthroscopic surgeries and preparation for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For each type, two different anesthetic protocols were used, and each horse went through both types of procedures twice.
- The horses were placed in two different recovery stalls for the procedures.
- Anesthetic time, cardiopulmonary variables, drug dosages, and recovery scores were compared and analysed using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Key Findings
- The anesthetic protocols used for the third and fourth procedures resulted in better recovery scores than the second procedure, and were similar to those for the first procedure.
- Balance and coordination issues and knuckling were found to be associated with worse recovery in the second procedure.
- Anesthesia time was longer in the second and third procedures than in the first and fourth procedures, which may have affected recovery outcomes.
Conclusions
- The study concluded that the choice of anesthetic protocol has a significant impact on the quality of recovery in horses. In particular, the quality of recovery was noticeably improved in the third and fourth procedures when compared to the second.
Cite This Article
APA
Henderson ARP, Valverde A, Koenig J, Sears W.
(2025).
Effects of anesthetic protocol, procedure, and recovery stall and interval on the quality of recovery in repeatedly anesthetized horses.
Can J Vet Res, 89(1), 17-25.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Horses
- Female
- Anesthesia Recovery Period
- Anesthesia, General / veterinary
- Lidocaine / pharmacology
- Lidocaine / administration & dosage
- Arthroscopy / veterinary
- Xylazine / pharmacology
- Xylazine / administration & dosage
- Anesthetics / pharmacology
- Anesthetics / administration & dosage
- Dexmedetomidine / pharmacology
- Dexmedetomidine / administration & dosage
- Isoflurane / administration & dosage
- Isoflurane / pharmacology
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