FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Vet Anaesth Analg / Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular variables as noci...
Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia2005; 32(3); 128-135; doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00194.x

Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular variables as nociceptive indicators in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses.

Abstract: To evaluate Fourier-transformed electroencephalographic (EEG) variables, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and pulse rate as nociceptive indicators in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses. Methods: Five standardbred and three Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions undergoing castration, aged 2-4 years, mass 378-538 kg. Methods: All horses received intravenous (IV) detomidine (10 microg kg(-1) IV) and butorphanol (0.01 mg kg(-1) IV). Additional detomidine (4 microg kg(-1) IV) was administered in the induction area. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg kg(-1) IV) and diazepam (40 microg kg(-1) IV), and maintained for 30 minutes with isoflurane (end-tidal concentration of 1.4%) vaporized in oxygen. The electroencephalogram, MAP and pulse rate were recorded for 15 minutes, beginning 5 minutes before skin incision. Differences between the mean values of recordings taken before, and during surgery were calculated and tested for significant differences using a two-sided Student's t-test. Results: A significant rise in MAP and a fall in pulse rate were found. No significant change was found in any EEG variable. CONCLUSION/CLINICAL relevance Of the variables evaluated, MAP seems to be the most sensitive and reliable indicator of nociception in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2005-05-10 PubMed ID: 15877659DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00194.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Evaluation Study
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research explores the effectiveness of using electroencephalographic (EEG) variables, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and pulse rate as indicators of pain sensation in horses anesthetized with isoflurane. The results suggest that of all variables considered, MAP demonstrates the highest sensitivity and reliability for detecting pain in horses under anesthesia.

Research Methodology

  • The study was conducted on five standardbred and three Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions aged between 2 to 4 years, weighing between 378 to 538 kg, all of which were undergoing castration.
  • All the horses were given detomidine and butorphanol intravenously prior to the procedure. They were additionally given detomidine in the induction area.
  • The anaesthesia was induced using ketamine and diazepam, and was maintained for 30 minutes with isoflurane vaporized in oxygen.
  • The electroencephalogram, MAP and pulse rate were recorded for 15 minutes starting 5 minutes before skin incision.
  • The mean values of the readings taken before and during the surgery were compared and tested for significant differences using a two-sided student’s t-test.

Research Findings

  • The study found a significant increase in MAP and a decrease in pulse rate.
  • No significant change was observed in any of the EEG variables monitored during the procedure.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

  • The research concludes that of all the variables studied, MAP appears to be the most sensitive and accurate indicator of nociception (pain perception) in horses anesthetized with isoflurane.
  • This finding could guide veterinary surgeons and anesthetists in monitoring and managing the nociceptive responses in horses during surgical procedures, aiming to ensure optimal animal welfare.

Cite This Article

APA
Haga HA, Dolvik NI. (2005). Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular variables as nociceptive indicators in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg, 32(3), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00194.x

Publication

Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia
ISSN: 1467-2987
NlmUniqueID: 100956422
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 32
Issue: 3
Pages: 128-135

Researcher Affiliations

Haga, Henning A
  • Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo. andreas.haga@veths.no
Dolvik, Nils I

    MeSH Terms

    • Anesthesia / veterinary
    • Anesthetics, Inhalation / pharmacology
    • Animals
    • Blood Pressure / drug effects
    • Cardiovascular System / drug effects
    • Central Nervous System / drug effects
    • Electroencephalography / veterinary
    • Heart Rate / drug effects
    • Horses / physiology
    • Horses / surgery
    • Isoflurane / pharmacology
    • Male
    • Orchiectomy / veterinary
    • Pain Measurement / veterinary

    Citations

    This article has been cited 15 times.
    1. Figueroa S, Levionnois OL, Mirra A. Quantitative Variables Derived from the Electroencephalographic Signal to Assess Depth of Anaesthesia in Animals: A Narrative Review. Animals (Basel) 2025 Aug 5;15(15).
      doi: 10.3390/ani15152285pubmed: 40805076google scholar: lookup
    2. Weiss L, Saller AM, Werner J, Süß SC, Reiser J, Kollmansperger S, Anders M, Potschka H, Fenzl T, Schusser B, Baumgartner C. Nociception in Chicken Embryos, Part I: Analysis of Cardiovascular Responses to a Mechanical Noxious Stimulus. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 25;13(17).
      doi: 10.3390/ani13172710pubmed: 37684974google scholar: lookup
    3. Murillo C, Weng HY, Weil AB, Kreuzer M, Ko JC. Perioperative Brain Function Monitoring with Electroencephalography in Horses Anesthetized with Multimodal Balanced Anesthetic Protocol Subjected to Surgeries. Animals (Basel) 2022 Oct 20;12(20).
      doi: 10.3390/ani12202851pubmed: 36290236google scholar: lookup
    4. Reiser J, Kreuzer M, Werner J, Saller AM, Fischer J, Senf S, Deffner P, Abendschön N, Groll T, Grott A, Miller R, Bergmann S, Erhard MH, Ritzmann M, Zöls S, Schneider G, Steiger K, Baumgartner C. Nociception-Induced Changes in Electroencephalographic Activity and FOS Protein Expression in Piglets Undergoing Castration under Isoflurane Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2022 Sep 6;12(18).
      doi: 10.3390/ani12182309pubmed: 36139169google scholar: lookup
    5. Abubakar AA, Zulkifli I, Goh YM, Kaka U, Sabow AB, Awad EA, Imlan JC, Othman AH, Raghazli R, Mitin H, Sazili AQ. The Effects of Stocking Density and Distances on Electroencephalographic Changes and Cortisol as Welfare Indicators in Brahman Crossbred Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021 Oct 5;11(10).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11102895pubmed: 34679916google scholar: lookup
    6. Straticò P, Carluccio A, Varasano V, Guerri G, Suriano R, Robbe D, Cerasoli I, Petrizzi L. Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel) 2021 Aug 9;11(8).
      doi: 10.3390/ani11082346pubmed: 34438803google scholar: lookup
    7. Zanker A, Wöhr AC, Reese S, Erhard M. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of polysomnographic measurements in foals. Sci Rep 2021 Aug 11;11(1):16288.
      doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95770-5pubmed: 34381127google scholar: lookup
    8. Imlan JC, Kaka U, Goh YM, Idrus Z, Awad EA, Abubakar AA, Ahmad T, Nizamuddin HNQ, Sazili AQ. Effects of Slaughter Knife Sharpness on Blood Biochemical and Electroencephalogram Changes in Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2020 Mar 30;10(4).
      doi: 10.3390/ani10040579pubmed: 32235510google scholar: lookup
    9. Harris C, White PJ, Mohler VL, Lomax S. Electroencephalography Can Distinguish between Pain and Anaesthetic Intervention in Conscious Lambs Undergoing Castration. Animals (Basel) 2020 Mar 4;10(3).
      doi: 10.3390/ani10030428pubmed: 32143285google scholar: lookup
    10. Silva E, Schumacher J, Passler T. Castration of Dogs Using Local Anesthesia After Sedating With Xylazine and Subanesthetic Doses of Ketamine. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:478.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00478pubmed: 32039245google scholar: lookup
    11. Lacombe VA. Seizures in horses: diagnosis and classification. Vet Med (Auckl) 2015;6:301-308.
      doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S62078pubmed: 30101115google scholar: lookup
    12. Williams DC, Brosnan RJ, Fletcher DJ, Aleman M, Holliday TA, Tharp B, Kass PH, LeCouteur RA, Steffey EP. Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Horses during Administration of Inhaled Anesthesia. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Jan-Feb;30(1):289-303.
      doi: 10.1111/jvim.13813pubmed: 26714626google scholar: lookup
    13. Conde Ruiz C, Cruz Benedetti IC, Guillebert I, Portier KG. Effect of Pre- and Postoperative Phenylbutazone and Morphine Administration on the Breathing Response to Skin Incision, Recovery Quality, Behavior, and Cardiorespiratory Variables in Horses Undergoing Fetlock Arthroscopy: A Pilot Study. Front Vet Sci 2015;2:58.
      doi: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00058pubmed: 26664985google scholar: lookup
    14. Kaka U, Hui Cheng C, Meng GY, Fakurazi S, Kaka A, Behan AA, Ebrahimi M. Electroencephalographic changes associated with antinociceptive actions of lidocaine, ketamine, meloxicam, and morphine administration in minimally anaesthetized dogs. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:305367.
      doi: 10.1155/2015/305367pubmed: 25695060google scholar: lookup
    15. Jang HS, Jang IS, Lee MG. The effects of tramadol on electroencephalographic spectral parameters and analgesia in rats. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2010 Jun;14(3):191-8.
      doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.3.191pubmed: 20631893google scholar: lookup
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.