FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Cartilage / Elevated Glucose Levels Preserve Glucose Uptake, Hyaluronan ...
Cartilage2018; 10(4); 491-503; doi: 10.1177/1947603518770256

Elevated Glucose Levels Preserve Glucose Uptake, Hyaluronan Production, and Low Glutamate Release Following Interleukin-1β Stimulation of Differentiated Chondrocytes.

Abstract: Chondrocytes are responsible for remodeling and maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Because of the absence of a vascular supply, chondrocytes survive in a relatively hypoxic environment and thus have limited regenerative capacity during conditions of cellular stress associated with inflammation and matrix degradation, such as osteoarthritis (OA). Glucose is essential to sustain chondrocyte metabolism and is a precursor for key matrix components. In this study, we investigated the importance of glucose as a fuel source for matrix repair during inflammation as well as the effect of glucose on inflammatory mediators associated with osteoarthritis. To create an OA model, we used equine chondrocytes from 4 individual horses that were differentiated into cartilage pellets followed by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulation for 72 hours. The cells were kept at either normoglycemic conditions (5 mM glucose) or supraphysiological glucose concentrations (25 mM glucose) during the stimulation with IL-1β. We found that elevated glucose levels preserve glucose uptake, hyaluronan synthesis, and matrix integrity, as well as induce anti-inflammatory actions by maintaining low expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and low secretion of glutamate. Adequate supply of glucose to chondrocytes during conditions of inflammation and matrix degradation interrupts the detrimental inflammatory cycle and induces synthesis of hyaluronan, thereby promoting cartilage repair.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-04-27 PubMed ID: 29701083PubMed Central: PMC6755873DOI: 10.1177/1947603518770256Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the role of glucose in protecting cartilage cells or chondrocytes during inflammation and matrix degradation, as seen in conditions like osteoarthritis. Elevated glucose levels were found to maintain glucose uptake, promote the synthesis of key cartilage components like hyaluronan, and reduce inflammatory actions.

Research Methodology

  • The researchers first set up the study model using chondrocytes – cells responsible for maintaining the integrity of cartilage – from horses.
  • These cells were differentiated into cartilage pellets and then subjected to stimulation with Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) for 72 hours to simulate the conditions of osteoarthritis. Interleukin-1β is known to play a key role in driving inflammation during osteoarthritis.
  • During this process, the cells were kept under normal glucose conditions (5 mM glucose) or supra-physiological glucose concentrations (25 mM glucose) to examine the impact of glucose levels.

Key Findings

  • The results of the study revealed that elevated glucose levels protected the chondrocytes during inflammation by preserving glucose uptake, bolstering the synthesis of hyaluronan (a substantial component of the cartilage matrix), and maintaining cartilage integrity.
  • Moreover, high glucose levels exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by keeping the expression of Toll-like receptor-4, a protein often upregulated during inflammation, at a low level. They also led to low secretion of glutamate, implying reduced inflammation.

Implications

  • The findings of this study stress the importance of glucose as an energy source that sustains chondrocyte metabolisms even under stressful, inflammatory conditions like osteoarthritis.
  • High glucose levels disrupt detrimental inflammatory cycles and stimulate the production of hyaluronan, thereby contributing to the repair of cartilage, a property that can be potentially exploited in therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis and similar conditions affecting cartilage.

Cite This Article

APA
Rotter Sopasakis V, Wickelgren R, Sukonina V, Brantsing C, Svala E, Hansson E, Enerbäck S, Lindahl A, Skiöldebrand E. (2018). Elevated Glucose Levels Preserve Glucose Uptake, Hyaluronan Production, and Low Glutamate Release Following Interleukin-1β Stimulation of Differentiated Chondrocytes. Cartilage, 10(4), 491-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603518770256

Publication

Cartilage
ISSN: 1947-6043
NlmUniqueID: 101518378
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: 491-503

Researcher Affiliations

Rotter Sopasakis, Victoria
  • Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Wickelgren, Ruth
  • Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Sukonina, Valentina
  • Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Brantsing, Camilla
  • Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Svala, Emilia
  • Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Hansson, Elisabeth
  • Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Enerbäck, Sven
  • Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Lindahl, Anders
  • Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Skiöldebrand, Eva
  • Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Cartilage, Articular / cytology
  • Cartilage, Articular / metabolism
  • Cell Differentiation / physiology
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Chondrocytes / metabolism
  • Extracellular Matrix / metabolism
  • Gene Expression Regulation / physiology
  • Glucose / metabolism
  • Glutamic Acid / metabolism
  • Glycolysis / physiology
  • Horses
  • Hyaluronan Synthases / biosynthesis
  • Hyaluronan Synthases / genetics
  • Hyaluronic Acid / biosynthesis
  • Interleukin-1beta / immunology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

References

This article includes 49 references
  1. Frey H, Schroeder N, Manon-Jensen T, Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Biological interplay between proteoglycans and their innate immune receptors in inflammation.. FEBS J 2013 May;280(10):2165-79.
    pmc: PMC3651745pubmed: 23350913doi: 10.1111/febs.12145google scholar: lookup
  2. Houard X, Goldring MB, Berenbaum F. Homeostatic mechanisms in articular cartilage and role of inflammation in osteoarthritis.. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2013 Nov;15(11):375.
    pmc: PMC3989071pubmed: 24072604doi: 10.1007/s11926-013-0375-6google scholar: lookup
  3. Leong DJ, Hardin JA, Cobelli NJ, Sun HB. Mechanotransduction and cartilage integrity.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011 Dec;1240:32-7.
    pmc: PMC5007871pubmed: 22172037doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06301.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  4. Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis.. J Cell Physiol 2007 Dec;213(3):626-34.
    pubmed: 17786965doi: 10.1002/jcp.21258google scholar: lookup
  5. Goldring MB, Otero M, Plumb DA, Dragomir C, Favero M, El Hachem K, Hashimoto K, Roach HI, Olivotto E, Borzì RM, Marcu KB. Roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism: signals and multiple effectors converge upon MMP-13 regulation in osteoarthritis.. Eur Cell Mater 2011 Feb 24;21:202-20.
    pmc: PMC3937960pubmed: 21351054doi: 10.22203/ecm.v021a16google scholar: lookup
  6. Felson DT. Clinical practice. Osteoarthritis of the knee.. N Engl J Med 2006 Feb 23;354(8):841-8.
    pubmed: 16495396doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp051726google scholar: lookup
  7. Loeser RF. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage destruction: mechanics, inflammatory mediators, and aging collide.. Arthritis Rheum 2006 May;54(5):1357-60.
    pmc: PMC1774815pubmed: 16645963doi: 10.1002/art.21813google scholar: lookup
  8. Kim JJ, Conrad HE. Kinetics of mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein synthesis by chick embryo chondrocytes. Effect of D-glucose concentration in the culture medium.. J Biol Chem 1976 Oct 25;251(20):6210-7.
    pubmed: 135761
  9. Mobasheri A, Vannucci SJ, Bondy CA, Carter SD, Innes JF, Arteaga MF, Trujillo E, Ferraz I, Shakibaei M, Martín-Vasallo P. Glucose transport and metabolism in chondrocytes: a key to understanding chondrogenesis, skeletal development and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis.. Histol Histopathol 2002 Oct;17(4):1239-67.
    pubmed: 12371151doi: 10.14670/HH-17.1239google scholar: lookup
  10. Mobasheri A. Glucose: an energy currency and structural precursor in articular cartilage and bone with emerging roles as an extracellular signaling molecule and metabolic regulator.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012;3:153.
    pmc: PMC3523231pubmed: 23251132doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00153google scholar: lookup
  11. Windhaber RA, Wilkins RJ, Meredith D. Functional characterisation of glucose transport in bovine articular chondrocytes.. Pflugers Arch 2003 Aug;446(5):572-7.
    pubmed: 12750890doi: 10.1007/s00424-003-1080-5google scholar: lookup
  12. Ley C, Svala E, Nilton A, Lindahl A, Eloranta ML, Ekman S, Skiöldebrand E. Effects of high mobility group box protein-1, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 on cartilage matrix metabolism in three-dimensional equine chondrocyte cultures.. Connect Tissue Res 2011;52(4):290-300.
    pubmed: 21117899doi: 10.3109/03008207.2010.523803google scholar: lookup
  13. Richardson S, Neama G, Phillips T, Bell S, Carter SD, Moley KH, Moley JF, Vannucci SJ, Mobasheri A. Molecular characterization and partial cDNA cloning of facilitative glucose transporters expressed in human articular chondrocytes; stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by IGF-I and elevated MMP-2 secretion by glucose deprivation.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003 Feb;11(2):92-101.
    pubmed: 12554125doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0858google scholar: lookup
  14. Szklarczyk D, Morris JH, Cook H, Kuhn M, Wyder S, Simonovic M, Santos A, Doncheva NT, Roth A, Bork P, Jensen LJ, von Mering C. The STRING database in 2017: quality-controlled protein-protein association networks, made broadly accessible.. Nucleic Acids Res 2017 Jan 4;45(D1):D362-D368.
    pmc: PMC5210637pubmed: 27924014doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw937google scholar: lookup
  15. Hernvann A, Jaffray P, Hilliquin P, Cazalet C, Menkes CJ, Ekindjian OG. Interleukin-1 beta-mediated glucose uptake by chondrocytes. Inhibition by cortisol.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996 Jun;4(2):139-42.
    pubmed: 8806115doi: 10.1016/s1063-4584(05)80322-xgoogle scholar: lookup
  16. Shikhman AR, Brinson DC, Valbracht J, Lotz MK. Cytokine regulation of facilitated glucose transport in human articular chondrocytes.. J Immunol 2001 Dec 15;167(12):7001-8.
    pubmed: 11739520doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.7001google scholar: lookup
  17. Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, D'Ascola A, Traina P, Calatroni A. Effect of cytokines on hyaluronan synthase activity and response to oxidative stress by fibroblasts.. Br J Biomed Sci 2009;66(1):28-36.
    pubmed: 19348124doi: 10.1080/09674845.2009.11730241google scholar: lookup
  18. Gorski DJ, Xiao W, Li J, Luo W, Lauer M, Kisiday J, Plaas A, Sandy J. Deletion of ADAMTS5 does not affect aggrecan or versican degradation but promotes glucose uptake and proteoglycan synthesis in murine adipose derived stromal cells.. Matrix Biol 2015 Sep;47:66-84.
    pubmed: 25840345doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.008google scholar: lookup
  19. Johnson WE, Stephan S, Roberts S. The influence of serum, glucose and oxygen on intervertebral disc cell growth in vitro: implications for degenerative disc disease.. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10(2):R46.
    pmc: PMC2453766pubmed: 18433481doi: 10.1186/ar2405google scholar: lookup
  20. Mobasheri A, Platt N, Thorpe C, Shakibaei M. Regulation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport, lactate metabolism, and MMP-2 secretion by the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride in articular chondrocytes.. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006 Dec;1091:83-93.
    pubmed: 17341605doi: 10.1196/annals.1378.057google scholar: lookup
  21. Itano N, Sawai T, Yoshida M, Lenas P, Yamada Y, Imagawa M, Shinomura T, Hamaguchi M, Yoshida Y, Ohnuki Y, Miyauchi S, Spicer AP, McDonald JA, Kimata K. Three isoforms of mammalian hyaluronan synthases have distinct enzymatic properties.. J Biol Chem 1999 Aug 27;274(35):25085-92.
    pubmed: 10455188doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.35.25085google scholar: lookup
  22. Ebid R, Lichtnekert J, Anders HJ. Hyaluronan is not a ligand but a regulator of toll-like receptor signaling in mesangial cells: role of extracellular matrix in innate immunity.. ISRN Nephrol 2014;2014:714081.
    pmc: PMC4045461pubmed: 24967246doi: 10.1155/2014/714081google scholar: lookup
  23. Jean YH, Wen ZH, Chang YC, Lee HS, Hsieh SP, Wu CT, Yeh CC, Wong CS. Hyaluronic acid attenuates osteoarthritis development in the anterior cruciate ligament-transected knee: Association with excitatory amino acid release in the joint dialysate.. J Orthop Res 2006 May;24(5):1052-61.
    pubmed: 16583446doi: 10.1002/jor.20123google scholar: lookup
  24. Piepoli T, Mennuni L, Zerbi S, Lanza M, Rovati LC, Caselli G. Glutamate signaling in chondrocytes and the potential involvement of NMDA receptors in cell proliferation and inflammatory gene expression.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009 Aug;17(8):1076-83.
    pubmed: 19233337doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.02.002google scholar: lookup
  25. Mu X, Azbill RD, Springer JE. Riluzole improves measures of oxidative stress following traumatic spinal cord injury.. Brain Res 2000 Jul 7;870(1-2):66-72.
    pubmed: 10869502doi: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02402-1google scholar: lookup
  26. Nagao H, Nishizawa H, Bamba T, Nakayama Y, Isozumi N, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Tanaka Y, Kita S, Fukuda S, Funahashi T, Maeda N, Fukusaki E, Shimomura I. Increased Dynamics of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Glutamate Synthesis in Obese Adipose Tissue: IN VIVO METABOLIC TURNOVER ANALYSIS.. J Biol Chem 2017 Mar 17;292(11):4469-4483.
    pmc: PMC5377766pubmed: 28119455doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.770172google scholar: lookup
  27. Wygrecka M, Marsh LM, Morty RE, Henneke I, Guenther A, Lohmeyer J, Markart P, Preissner KT. Enolase-1 promotes plasminogen-mediated recruitment of monocytes to the acutely inflamed lung.. Blood 2009 May 28;113(22):5588-98.
    pubmed: 19182206doi: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-170837google scholar: lookup
  28. Song Y, Luo Q, Long H, Hu Z, Que T, Zhang X, Li Z, Wang G, Yi L, Liu Z, Fang W, Qi S. Alpha-enolase as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion in glioma.. Mol Cancer 2014 Mar 21;13:65.
    pmc: PMC3994408pubmed: 24650096doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-65google scholar: lookup
  29. Hsiao KC, Shih NY, Fang HL, Huang TS, Kuo CC, Chu PY, Hung YM, Chou SW, Yang YY, Chang GC, Liu KJ. Surface α-enolase promotes extracellular matrix degradation and tumor metastasis and represents a new therapeutic target.. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e69354.
    pmc: PMC3716638pubmed: 23894455doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069354google scholar: lookup
  30. Bo GP, Zhou LN, He WF, Luo GX, Jia XF, Gan CJ, Chen GX, Fang YF, Larsen PM, Wu J. Analyses of differential proteome of human synovial fibroblasts obtained from arthritis.. Clin Rheumatol 2009 Feb;28(2):191-9.
    pubmed: 18807103doi: 10.1007/s10067-008-1013-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  31. Bae S, Kim H, Lee N, Won C, Kim HR, Hwang YI, Song YW, Kang JS, Lee WJ. α-Enolase expressed on the surfaces of monocytes and macrophages induces robust synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.. J Immunol 2012 Jul 1;189(1):365-72.
    pubmed: 22623332doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102073google scholar: lookup
  32. Lee RB, Urban JP. Evidence for a negative Pasteur effect in articular cartilage.. Biochem J 1997 Jan 1;321 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):95-102.
    pmc: PMC1218041pubmed: 9003406doi: 10.1042/bj3210095google scholar: lookup
  33. Fedorovich SV, Kaler GV, Konev SV. Effect of low pH on glutamate uptake and release in isolated presynaptic endings from rat brain.. Neurochem Res 2003 May;28(5):715-21.
    pubmed: 12716022doi: 10.1023/a:1022809716834google scholar: lookup
  34. Billups B, Attwell D. Modulation of non-vesicular glutamate release by pH.. Nature 1996 Jan 11;379(6561):171-4.
    pubmed: 8538768doi: 10.1038/379171a0google scholar: lookup
  35. Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Association between metabolic factors and knee osteoarthritis in women: the Chingford Study.. J Rheumatol 1995 Jun;22(6):1118-23.
    pubmed: 7674240
  36. Stürmer T, Brenner H, Brenner RE, Günther KP. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and patterns of osteoarthritis. The Ulm osteoarthritis study.. Scand J Rheumatol 2001;30(3):169-71.
    pubmed: 11469529doi: 10.1080/030097401300162969google scholar: lookup
  37. Burner TW, Rosenthal AK. Diabetes and rheumatic diseases.. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009 Jan;21(1):50-4.
    pubmed: 19077719doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32831bc0c4google scholar: lookup
  38. Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH. Connective tissue and joint disease in diabetes mellitus.. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Jun;25(2):473-83.
    pubmed: 8799711doi: 10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70335-2google scholar: lookup
  39. Rosa SC, Gonçalves J, Judas F, Mobasheri A, Lopes C, Mendes AF. Impaired glucose transporter-1 degradation and increased glucose transport and oxidative stress in response to high glucose in chondrocytes from osteoarthritic versus normal human cartilage.. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11(3):R80.
    pmc: PMC2714130pubmed: 19490621doi: 10.1186/ar2713google scholar: lookup
  40. Laiguillon MC, Courties A, Houard X, Auclair M, Sautet A, Capeau J, Fève B, Berenbaum F, Sellam J. Characterization of diabetic osteoarthritic cartilage and role of high glucose environment on chondrocyte activation: toward pathophysiological delineation of diabetes mellitus-related osteoarthritis.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015 Sep;23(9):1513-22.
    pubmed: 25987541doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.04.026google scholar: lookup
  41. Omar M, Reichling M, Liodakis E, Ettinger M, Guenther D, Decker S, Krettek C, Suero EM, Mommsen P. Rapid exclusion of bacterial arthritis using a glucometer.. Clin Rheumatol 2017 Mar;36(3):591-598.
    pubmed: 27071629doi: 10.1007/s10067-016-3255-4google scholar: lookup
  42. Liberg P, Magnusson LE, Schougaard H. Studies on the synovia in healthy horses with particular reference to the protein composition.. Equine Vet J 1977 Apr;9(2):87-91.
    pubmed: 67947doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1977.tb03990.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  43. Keane KN, Calton EK, Carlessi R, Hart PH, Newsholme P. The bioenergetics of inflammation: insights into obesity and type 2 diabetes.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017 Jul;71(7):904-912.
    pubmed: 28402325doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.45google scholar: lookup
  44. Shen J, Abu-Amer Y, O'Keefe RJ, McAlinden A. Inflammation and epigenetic regulation in osteoarthritis.. Connect Tissue Res 2017 Jan;58(1):49-63.
    pmc: PMC5266560pubmed: 27389927doi: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1208655google scholar: lookup
  45. Kreuz PC, Steinwachs MR, Erggelet C, Krause SJ, Konrad G, Uhl M, Südkamp N. Results after microfracture of full-thickness chondral defects in different compartments in the knee.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006 Nov;14(11):1119-25.
    pubmed: 16815714doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.05.003google scholar: lookup
  46. Redman SN, Oldfield SF, Archer CW. Current strategies for articular cartilage repair.. Eur Cell Mater 2005 Apr 14;9:23-32; discussion 23-32.
    pubmed: 15830323doi: 10.22203/ecm.v009a04google scholar: lookup
  47. Bentley G, Biant LC, Carrington RW, Akmal M, Goldberg A, Williams AM, Skinner JA, Pringle J. A prospective, randomised comparison of autologous chondrocyte implantation versus mosaicplasty for osteochondral defects in the knee.. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003 Mar;85(2):223-30.
    pubmed: 12678357doi: 10.1302/0301-620x.85b2.13543google scholar: lookup
  48. Hunziker EB. Articular cartilage repair: basic science and clinical progress. A review of the current status and prospects.. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002 Jun;10(6):432-63.
    pubmed: 12056848doi: 10.1053/joca.2002.0801google scholar: lookup
  49. Kock L, van Donkelaar CC, Ito K. Tissue engineering of functional articular cartilage: the current status.. Cell Tissue Res 2012 Mar;347(3):613-27.
    pmc: PMC3306561pubmed: 22030892doi: 10.1007/s00441-011-1243-1google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 9 times.
  1. Skiöldebrand E, Adepu S, Lützelschwab C, Nyström S, Lindahl A, Abrahamsson-Aurell K, Hansson E. A randomized, triple-blinded controlled clinical study with a novel disease-modifying drug combination in equine lameness-associated osteoarthritis.. Osteoarthr Cartil Open 2023 Sep;5(3):100381.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2023.100381pubmed: 37416846google scholar: lookup
  2. Adachi T, Miyamoto N, Imamura H, Yamamoto T, Marin E, Zhu W, Kobara M, Sowa Y, Tahara Y, Kanamura N, Akiyoshi K, Mazda O, Nishimura I, Pezzotti G. Three-Dimensional Culture of Cartilage Tissue on Nanogel-Cross-Linked Porous Freeze-Dried Gel Scaffold for Regenerative Cartilage Therapy: A Vibrational Spectroscopy Evaluation.. Int J Mol Sci 2022 Jul 22;23(15).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms23158099pubmed: 35897669google scholar: lookup
  3. Hansson E, Skiöldebrand E. Bupivacaine in combination with sildenafil (Viagra) and vitamin D3 have anti-inflammatory effects in osteoarthritic chondrocytes.. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov 2021;2:100066.
    doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100066pubmed: 34909684google scholar: lookup
  4. Konstari S, Sääksjärvi K, Heliövaara M, Rissanen H, Knekt P, Arokoski JPA, Karppinen J. Associations of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components with the Risk of Incident Knee Osteoarthritis Leading to Hospitalization: A 32-Year Follow-up Study.. Cartilage 2021 Dec;13(1_suppl):1445S-1456S.
    doi: 10.1177/1947603519894731pubmed: 31867993google scholar: lookup
  5. Hansson E, Skiöldebrand E. Anti-inflammatory effects induced by ultralow concentrations of bupivacaine in combination with ultralow concentrations of sildenafil (Viagra) and vitamin D3 on inflammatory reactive brain astrocytes.. PLoS One 2019;14(10):e0223648.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223648pubmed: 31596904google scholar: lookup
  6. Cowman MK, Shortt C, Arora S, Fu Y, Villavieja J, Rathore J, Huang X, Rakshit T, Jung GI, Kirsch T. Role of Hyaluronan in Inflammatory Effects on Human Articular Chondrocytes.. Inflammation 2019 Oct;42(5):1808-1820.
    doi: 10.1007/s10753-019-01043-9pubmed: 31243649google scholar: lookup
  7. Rönnbäck C, Hansson E. The Importance and Control of Low-Grade Inflammation Due to Damage of Cellular Barrier Systems That May Lead to Systemic Inflammation.. Front Neurol 2019;10:533.
    doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00533pubmed: 31191433google scholar: lookup
  8. Wilson N, Steadman R, Muller I, Draman M, Rees DA, Taylor P, Dayan CM, Ludgate M, Zhang L. Role of Hyaluronan in Human Adipogenesis: Evidence from in-Vitro and in-Vivo Studies.. Int J Mol Sci 2019 May 31;20(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms20112675pubmed: 31151314google scholar: lookup
  9. Hansson E, Björklund U, Skiöldebrand E, Rönnbäck L. Anti-inflammatory effects induced by pharmaceutical substances on inflammatory active brain astrocytes-promising treatment of neuroinflammation.. J Neuroinflammation 2018 Nov 17;15(1):321.
    doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1361-8pubmed: 30447700google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.