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Tropical medicine and infectious disease2021; 6(3); 140; doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030140

Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the ‘One Health’ Context, 2011-2020.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is one of the most widely distributed (re-)emerging arboviruses. In Croatia, acute WNV infections as well as seropositivity were detected in humans, horses, birds and poultry. Although serologic evidence of WNV human infections dates back to the 1970s, no clinical cases were reported until 2012. WNV outbreaks, as well as sporadic infections, were continuously recorded in continental Croatian counties from 2012 to 2018. In addition, acute asymptomatic infections (IgM antibodies) in horses have been regularly notified in continental regions since 2012, while seropositive horses (seroprevalence rates 3.7-21.4%) were detected in both continental and coastal regions. Moreover, WNV seropositivity in poultry (1.8-22.9%) was reported from 2013 to 2020. During the largest WNV outbreak in 2018, WNV RNA was detected for the first time in two dead goshawks () from the same aviary in North-West Croatia, while WNV antibodies were found in one buzzard () from the same region. In addition, WNV RNA was detected in a dead blackbird () at the Croatian littoral. The phylogenetic analysis of 11 strains detected in urine samples of patients with neuroinvasive disease and 1 strain detected in a goshawk showed circulation of WNV lineage 2. Thus far, WNV has not been detected in mosquitoes in Croatia.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-24 PubMed ID: 34449731PubMed Central: PMC8396195DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030140Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates the changing patterns of West Nile virus (WNV) infection among various species in Croatia from 2011 to 2020, with a particular focus on the increased occurrence in humans, horses, birds, and poultry.

Background

  • The West Nile virus (WNV) is a prevalent infectious disease spread mainly through mosquito bites.
  • Historically in Croatia, WNV infections were primarily present in animals, with human infections rarely reported.

Findings

  • Since 2012, there have been regular reports of WNV cases among humans in continental regions of Croatia.
  • Regular asymptomatic infections have also been reported in horses, with discreet outbreaks in the continental regions as well.
  • Detection of the virus has been fairly common in horses across all parts of the country, from 3.7% to 21.4% seroprevalence rates.
  • A similar increase in detection of the virus in poultry has been reported from 2013 to 2020, seeing seroprevalence rates between 1.8% and 22.9%.

WNV in Avian Species

  • During the largest outbreak in 2018, WNV RNA was detected for the first time in two dead goshawks from the same aviary in North-West Croatia. Similarly, WNV antibodies were found in one buzzard from the same region.
  • Additionally, a dead blackbird at the Croatian coast was also found to carry the WNV RNA.

WNV Lineage and Detection in Mosquitoes

  • A phylogenetic analysis of samples taken from patients and one goshawk revealed the circulation of the WNV lineage 2. This indicates a common source or similar transmission patterns.
  • Despite the spread of WNV among humans and animals, the virus is yet to be detected in the mosquito population in Croatia.

Cite This Article

APA
(2021). Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the ‘One Health’ Context, 2011-2020. Trop Med Infect Dis, 6(3), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6030140

Publication

Tropical medicine and infectious disease
ISSN: 2414-6366
NlmUniqueID: 101709042
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
PII: 140

Researcher Affiliations

Grant Funding

  • IP-2016-06-7456 / Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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