FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Pathogens / Epidemiological and Phylogeographic Study of Equid Herpesvir...
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(9); 1016; doi: 10.3390/pathogens11091016

Epidemiological and Phylogeographic Study of Equid Herpesviruses in Tunisia.

Abstract: Equid herpesvirus (EHV) is a contagious viral disease affecting horses, causing illness characterized by respiratory symptoms, abortion and neurological disorders. It is common worldwide and causes severe economic losses to the equine industry. The present study was aimed at investigating the incidence of EHVs, the genetic characterization of Tunisian isolates and a spatiotemporal study, using 298 collected samples from diseased and clinically healthy horses. The global incidence of EHV infection was found to be about 71.81%. EHV2 and EHV5 were detected in 146 (48.99%) and 159 (53.35%) sampled horses, respectively. EHV1 was detected in 11 samples (3.69%); EHV4 was not detected. Co-infections with EHV1-EHV2, EHV1-EHV5 and EHV2-EHV5 were observed in 0.33%, 1.34% and 31.54% of tested horses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that gB of EHV2 and EHV5 displays high genetic diversity with a nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 88 to 100% for EHV2 and 97.5 to 100% for EHV5. Phylogeography suggested Iceland and USA as the most likely countries of origin of the Tunisian EHV2 and EHV5 isolates. These viruses detected in Tunisia seemed to be introduced in the 2000s. This first epidemiological and phylogeographic study is important for better knowledge of the evolution of equid herpesvirus infections in Tunisia.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-05 PubMed ID: 36145448PubMed Central: PMC9504996DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091016Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research is a study on the prevalence and genetic characteristics of Equid Herpesviruses (EHV) affecting horses in Tunisia, making it the foremost analysis of EHV infections in this region.

Objective of the Study

  • The main objectives were to find out the frequency of EHV infections, further understand the gene sequences of local EHV strains, and trace their history based on their variations. This work aimed to provide valuable insights into the prevalence and characteristics of EHV infections in Tunisia’s horse population, a sector crucial to the region’s economy.

Methodology

  • A total of 298 samples were collected from both sick and seemingly healthy horses. These were tested extensively for the presence of different types of EHV infection.

Study Findings

  • The study revealed a high incidence rate of EHV infections, approximately 71.8%, among the tested horse population. The different strains of EHV were not evenly represented, however.
  • EHV2 and EHV5 were the most frequently detected in the tested horses—48.99% and 53.35% respectively. The variant EHV1 was not as prominent, found in only 3.69% of the samples, while EHV4 was not detected at all.
  • Some cases of co-infections were noted, where horses were infected with two EHV strains, EHV1-EHV2, EHV1-EHV5, and EHV2-EHV5 simultaneously.

Genetic Analysis and Origins of the Strains

  • The researchers performed a genetic characterization of the Tunisian EHV2 and EHV5 isolates to understand their genetic diversity. Both strains showed high divergence, with nucleotide sequence identity values ranging from 88% to 100% for EHV2 and 97.5% to 100% for EHV5.
  • The study also attempted to trace the geographic origins of the EHV strains. The findings suggested that the EHV2 and EHV5 strains most likely originated from Iceland and the United States. It’s believed that these strains might have been introduced to Tunisia sometime during the 2000s.

Significance of the Study

  • This research is of significant importance as it is the first to study the epidemiology and genetic origins of EHV strains in Tunisia. By improving the understanding of these pathogens, it can facilitate better management and control strategies to prevent substantial economic losses in the equine industry.

Cite This Article

APA
Badr C, Souiai O, Arbi M, El Behi I, Essaied MS, Khosrof I, Benkahla A, Chabchoub A, Ghram A. (2022). Epidemiological and Phylogeographic Study of Equid Herpesviruses in Tunisia. Pathogens, 11(9), 1016. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11091016

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
PII: 1016

Researcher Affiliations

Badr, Chaima
  • Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
Souiai, Oussama
  • Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
Arbi, Marwa
  • Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
El Behi, Imen
  • Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
Essaied, Mohamed S
  • National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia.
Khosrof, Ines
  • National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia.
Benkahla, Alia
  • Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
Chabchoub, Ahmed
  • National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia.
  • Laboratory of Viruses, Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT10), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
Ghram, Abdeljelil
  • Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 74 references
  1. Lunn DP, Davis-Poynter N, Flaminio MJ, Horohov DW, Osterrieder K, Pusterla N, Townsend HG. Equine herpesvirus-1 consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2009 May-Jun;23(3):450-61.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0304.xpubmed: 19645832google scholar: lookup
  2. O’Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. Herpesviruses of Horses. Encyclopedia of Virology 3rd ed. Academic Press; Cambridge, MA, USA: 2008; pp. 411–420.
    doi: 10.1016/B978-012374410-4.00394-0google scholar: lookup
  3. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018pubmed: 15993786google scholar: lookup
  4. Pavulraj S, Eschke K, Theisen J, Westhoff S, Reimers G, Andreotti S, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4) Outbreak in Germany: Virological, Serological, and Molecular Investigations.. Pathogens 2021 Jun 25;10(7).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070810pmc: PMC8308676pubmed: 34202127google scholar: lookup
  5. Mureşan A, Mureşan C, Siteavu M, Avram E, Bochynska D, Taulescu M. An Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus-4 in an Ecological Donkey Milk Farm in Romania.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 Mar 18;10(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines10030468pmc: PMC8953855pubmed: 35335100google scholar: lookup
  6. Xie J, Tong P, Zhang L, Ren M, Song X, Jia C, Palidan N, Zhang L, Kuang L. First detection and genetic characterization of equid herpesvirus 2, 4, and 5 in China.. Arch Virol 2021 May;166(5):1421-1426.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-021-05003-3pubmed: 33656577google scholar: lookup
  7. Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin-Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1.. EFSA J 2022 Jan;20(1):e07036.
    doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036pmc: PMC8753587pubmed: 35035581google scholar: lookup
  8. Easton-Jones C. Recent advancements in our understanding of equid gammaherpesvirus infections.. Equine Vet J 2022 Jan;54(1):11-23.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13512pubmed: 34519074google scholar: lookup
  9. Wong DM, Belgrave RL, Williams KJ, Del Piero F, Alcott CJ, Bolin SR, Marr CM, Nolen-Walston R, Myers RK, Wilkins PA. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008 Mar 15;232(6):898-905.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.232.6.898pubmed: 18341449google scholar: lookup
  10. Vander Werf KA, Davis EG, Janardhan K, Bawa B, Bolin S, Almes K. Identification of equine herpesvirus 5 in horses with lymphoma. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:738–741.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.017google scholar: lookup
  11. Herder V, Barsnick R, Walliser U, Teifke JP, König P, Czerwinski G, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Equid herpesvirus 5-associated dermatitis in a horse--Resembling herpes-associated erythema multiforme.. Vet Microbiol 2012 Mar 23;155(2-4):420-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.020pubmed: 21996546google scholar: lookup
  12. Kutasi O, Moravszki L, Sardi S, Bohak Z, Biksi I, Basaka F. Systemic granulomatous disease in a Hungarian Warmblood gelding. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2014;34:810–815.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.008google scholar: lookup
  13. Rushton JO, Kolodziejek J, Tichy A, Nell B, Nowotny N. Detection of equid herpesviruses 2 and 5 in a herd of 266 Lipizzaners in association with ocular findings.. Vet Microbiol 2013 May 31;164(1-2):139-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.035pubmed: 23434188google scholar: lookup
  14. Ruszczyk A, Cywinska A, Banbura MW. Equine herpes virus 2 infection in horse populations in Poland.. Acta Virol 2004;48(3):189-92.
    pubmed: 15595214
  15. Zarski LM, High EA, Nelli RK, Bolin SR, Williams KJ, Hussey G. Development and application of a quantitative PCR assay to study equine herpesvirus 5 invasion and replication in equine tissues in vitro and in vivo.. J Virol Methods 2017 Oct;248:44-53.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.04.015pubmed: 28455133google scholar: lookup
  16. Nordengrahn A, Rusvai M, Merza M, Ekström J, Morein B, Belák S. Equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) as a predisposing factor for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: prevention of the bifactorial disease with EHV-2 immunostimulating complexes.. Vet Microbiol 1996 Jul;51(1-2):55-68.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00032-6pubmed: 8828122google scholar: lookup
  17. Blakeslee JR Jr, Olsen RG, McAllister ES, Fassbender J, Dennis R. Evidence of respiratory tract infection induced by equine herpesvirus, type 2, in the horse.. Can J Microbiol 1975 Dec;21(12):1940-6.
    doi: 10.1139/m75-281pubmed: 175904google scholar: lookup
  18. Kershaw O, von Oppen T, Glitz F, Deegen E, Ludwig H, Borchers K. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) in horses with keratoconjunctivitis.. Virus Res 2001 Nov 28;80(1-2):93-9.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(01)00299-4pubmed: 11597754google scholar: lookup
  19. Krisova S, Tothova K, Molinkova D, Makra Z, Zisopoulou AM. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) in equine ocular disease. Acta. Vet. 2020;89:115–123.
    doi: 10.2754/avb202089020115google scholar: lookup
  20. Mumford JA, Rossdale PD. Virus and its relationship to the "poor performance" syndrome.. Equine Vet J 1980 Jan;12(1):3-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb02285.xpubmed: 6244942google scholar: lookup
  21. Nolte LC, Rosiak M, Baechlein C, Baumgärtner W, Allnoch L. Equine Idiopathic Systemic Granulomatous Disease With Manifestation in the Cerebellum Associated With Equid Gammaherpesvirus 2.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Nov;94:103225.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103225pubmed: 33077072google scholar: lookup
  22. Lee SK, Lee I. The Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Genital Swabs From Clinically Normal Thoroughbred Mares in South Korea.. J Equine Vet Sci 2019 Aug;79:68-72.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.013pubmed: 31405504google scholar: lookup
  23. Marenzoni ML, Bietta A, Lepri E, Casagrande Proietti P, Cordioli P, Canelli E, Stefanetti V, Coletti M, Timoney PJ, Passamonti F. Role of equine herpesviruses as co-infecting agents in cases of abortion, placental disease and neonatal foal mortality.. Vet Res Commun 2013 Dec;37(4):311-7.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-013-9578-6pubmed: 24052369google scholar: lookup
  24. Oladunni FS, Horohov DW, Chambers TM. EHV-1: A Constant Threat to the Horse Industry.. Front Microbiol 2019;10:2668.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02668pmc: PMC6901505pubmed: 31849857google scholar: lookup
  25. FNARC . Rapport d’Activité Annuel. Fondation Nationale d’Amélioration de la Race Chevaline; Sidi Thabet, Tunisie: 2015.
  26. Toumi M. Serological Survey on Equine Rhinopneumonia in National Stud Farms in Tunisia. ENMV Sidi-Thabet, Tunisia: 1985. Veterinary Thesis.
  27. Ghram A, Chabchoub A, Boussetta M, Baazaoui S, Ibn Amor H, Landolsi F. Enquête séroépidémiologique de la rhinopneumonie des équidés en Tunisie. J. Animal Husb. Vet. Med. Trop. Count. 1997;50:273–276.
    doi: 10.19182/remvt.9555google scholar: lookup
  28. Chabchoub A, Pronost S, Abidi N, Legrand L, Fortier G. Frequency of the equine herpes virus type 2 in equines with chronic respiratory diseases in Tunisia. Rev. Med. Vet. 2010;161:564–569.
  29. El-Hage C, Mekuria Z, Dynon K, Hartley C, McBride K, Gilkerson J. Association of Equine Herpesvirus 5 with Mild Respiratory Disease in a Survey of EHV1, -2, -4 and -5 in 407 Australian Horses.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Nov 30;11(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11123418pmc: PMC8697987pubmed: 34944194google scholar: lookup
  30. Wang L, Raidal SL, Pizzirani A, Wilcox GE. Detection of respiratory herpesviruses in foals and adult horses determined by nested multiplex PCR.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Mar 31;121(1-2):18-28.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.009pubmed: 17208393google scholar: lookup
  31. Laabassi F, Hue E, Fortier C, Morilland E, Legrand L, Hans A, Pronost S. Epidemiology and molecular detection of equine herpesviruses in western Algeria in 2011.. Vet Microbiol 2017 Aug;207:205-209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.017pubmed: 28757025google scholar: lookup
  32. Negussie H, Gizaw D, Tesfaw L, Li Y, Oguma K, Sentsui H, Tessema TS, Nauwynck HJ. Detection of Equine Herpesvirus (EHV) -1, -2, -4 and -5 in Ethiopian Equids with and without Respiratory Problems and Genetic Characterization of EHV-2 and EHV-5 Strains.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017 Dec;64(6):1970-1978.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12601pubmed: 28102009google scholar: lookup
  33. Craig MI, Barrandeguy ME, Fernández FM. Equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) infection in thoroughbred horses in Argentina.. BMC Vet Res 2005 Nov 9;1:9.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-1-9pmc: PMC1308826pubmed: 16281971google scholar: lookup
  34. Thorsteinsdóttir L, Torfason EG, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. Genetic diversity of equine gammaherpesviruses (γ-EHV) and isolation of a syncytium forming EHV-2 strain from a horse in Iceland.. Res Vet Sci 2013 Feb;94(1):170-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.011pubmed: 22862856google scholar: lookup
  35. Ataseven VS, Bilge-Dagalp S, Oguzoglu TC, Karapinar Z, Güzel M, Tan MT. Detection and sequence analysis of equine gammaherpesviruses from horses with respiratory tract disease in Turkey.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010 Aug 1;57(4):271-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01146.xpubmed: 20553426google scholar: lookup
  36. Seo MG, Ouh IO, Lee SK, Lee JS, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characteristics of Equine Herpesvirus in Korea.. Pathogens 2020 Feb 11;9(2).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens9020110pmc: PMC7168308pubmed: 32053974google scholar: lookup
  37. Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Prevalence and sequence analysis of equid herpesviruses from the respiratory tract of Polish horses.. Virol J 2018 Jul 11;15(1):106.
    doi: 10.1186/s12985-018-1018-3pmc: PMC6042439pubmed: 29996858google scholar: lookup
  38. Nordengrahn A, Merza M, Ros C, Lindholmc A, Palfl V, Hannant D, Belák S. Prevalence of equine herpesvirus types 2 and 5 in horse populations by using type-specific PCR assays.. Vet Res 2002 May-Jun;33(3):251-9.
    doi: 10.1051/vetres:2002013pubmed: 12056476google scholar: lookup
  39. Dunowska M, Wilks CR, Studdert MJ, Meers J. Viruses associated with outbreaks of equine respiratory disease in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 2002 Aug;50(4):132-9.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.2002.36299pubmed: 16032259google scholar: lookup
  40. Torfason EG, Thorsteinsdóttir L, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. Study of equid herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Iceland with a type-specific polymerase chain reaction.. Res Vet Sci 2008 Dec;85(3):605-11.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.01.003pubmed: 18336849google scholar: lookup
  41. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Madigan JE, Maclachlan NJ, Ferraro GL, Watson JL, Spier SJ, Wilson WD. Prevalence of EHV-1 in adult horses transported over long distances.. Vet Rec 2009 Oct 17;165(16):473-5.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.165.16.473pubmed: 19850855google scholar: lookup
  42. Bell SA, Balasuriya UB, Gardner IA, Barry PA, Wilson WD, Ferraro GL, MacLachlan NJ. Temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals.. Vet Microbiol 2006 Sep 10;116(4):249-57.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.05.002pubmed: 16774810google scholar: lookup
  43. Back H, Kendall A, Grandón R, Ullman K, Treiberg-Berndtsson L, Ståhl K, Pringle J. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in association with asinine herpesvirus type 5 and equine herpesvirus type 5: a case report.. Acta Vet Scand 2012 Sep 25;54(1):57.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-57pmc: PMC3511884pubmed: 23009194google scholar: lookup
  44. Temesgen T, Getachew Y, Negussie H. Molecular Identification of Equine Herpesvirus 1, 2, and 5 in Equids with Signs of Respiratory Disease in Central Ethiopia.. Vet Med (Auckl) 2021;12:337-345.
    doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S339042pmc: PMC8694401pubmed: 34956854google scholar: lookup
  45. Back H, Ullman K, Treiberg Berndtsson L, Riihimäki M, Penell J, Ståhl K, Valarcher JF, Pringle J. Viral load of equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 in nasal swabs of actively racing Standardbred trotters: Temporal relationship of shedding to clinical findings and poor performance.. Vet Microbiol 2015 Sep 30;179(3-4):142-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.06.002pubmed: 26093774google scholar: lookup
  46. Carlson JK, Traub-Dargatz JL, Lunn DP, Morley PS, Kohler A, Kasper K, Landolt GA, Barnett DC, Lunn KF. Equine viral respiratory pathogen surveillance at horse shows and sales. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:229–237.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.06.006google scholar: lookup
  47. Hue ES, Fortier GD, Fortier CI, Leon AM, Richard EA, Legrand LJ, Pronost SL. Detection and quantitation of equid gammaherpesviruses (EHV-2, EHV-5) in nasal swabs using an accredited standardised quantitative PCR method.. J Virol Methods 2014 Mar;198:18-25.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.12.008pubmed: 24370678google scholar: lookup
  48. Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on viral diseases of the equine respiratory tract.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015 Apr;31(1):91-104.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.007pubmed: 25648568google scholar: lookup
  49. Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Kinetics of the Equid Herpesvirus 2 and 5 Infections among Mares and Foals from Three Polish National Studs.. Viruses 2022 Mar 29;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v14040713pmc: PMC9031536pubmed: 35458443google scholar: lookup
  50. El Brini Z, Fassi Fihri O, Paillot R, Lotfi C, Amraoui F, El Ouadi H, Dehhaoui M, Colitti B, Alyakine H, Piro M. Seroprevalence of Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in the Northern Moroccan Horse Populations.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Sep 29;11(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11102851pmc: PMC8532652pubmed: 34679874google scholar: lookup
  51. Zientra S, Plateau E. Vaccin et vaccination chez le cheval. Point Vét. 1993;24:601–610.
  52. Delannoy I, Dubourget P, Fayet G. Le point sur la rhinopneuomnie. Prat. Vét. Equine. 1995;27:31–47.
  53. Paillot R. Special Issue "Equine Viruses": Old "Friends" and New Foes?. Viruses 2020 Jan 29;12(2).
    doi: 10.3390/v12020153pmc: PMC7077308pubmed: 32013127google scholar: lookup
  54. Muscat KE, Padalino B, Hartley CA, Ficorilli N, Celi P, Knight P, Raidal S, Gilkerson JR, Muscatello G. Equine Transport and Changes in Equid Herpesvirus' Status.. Front Vet Sci 2018;5:224.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00224pmc: PMC6167981pubmed: 30320126google scholar: lookup
  55. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus).. Adv Virus Res 1995;45:153-90.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60060-3pubmed: 7793324google scholar: lookup
  56. Edington N, Welch HM, Griffiths L. The prevalence of latent Equid herpesviruses in the tissues of 40 abattoir horses.. Equine Vet J 1994 Mar;26(2):140-2.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04353.xpubmed: 8575377google scholar: lookup
  57. Allen GP, Bryans JT. Molecular epizootiology, pathogenesis, and prophylaxis of equine herpesvirus-1 infections.. Prog Vet Microbiol Immunol 1986;2:78-144.
    pubmed: 2856183
  58. Bannai H, Takahashi Y, Ohmura H, Ebisuda Y, Mukai K, Kambayashi Y, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Ohta M, Raidal S, Padalino B. Decreased Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies Against Equine Herpesvirus type 1 In Nasal Secretions of Horses After 12-hour Transportation.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Aug;103:103665.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103665pubmed: 34281635google scholar: lookup
  59. Pereira L. Function of glycoprotein B homologues of the family herpesviridae.. Infect Agents Dis 1994 Feb;3(1):9-28.
    pubmed: 7952927
  60. Wisner TW, Wright CC, Kato A, Kawaguchi Y, Mou F, Baines JD, Roller RJ, Johnson DC. Herpesvirus gB-induced fusion between the virion envelope and outer nuclear membrane during virus egress is regulated by the viral US3 kinase.. J Virol 2009 Apr;83(7):3115-26.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01462-08pmc: PMC2655551pubmed: 19158241google scholar: lookup
  61. Brault SA, Maclachlan NJ. Equid gammaherpesviruses: Persistent bystanders or true pathogens?. Vet J 2011 Jan;187(1):14-5.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.015pubmed: 20335057google scholar: lookup
  62. Dunowska M, Holloway SA, Wilks CR, Meers J. Genomic variability of equine herpesvirus-5.. Arch Virol 2000;145(7):1359-71.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050070095pubmed: 10963342google scholar: lookup
  63. Browning GF, Studdert MJ. Epidemiology of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus).. J Clin Microbiol 1987 Jan;25(1):13-6.
    doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.13-16.1987pmc: PMC265802pubmed: 3025249google scholar: lookup
  64. Browning GF, Studdert MJ. Physical mapping of the genomic heterogeneity of isolates of equine herpesvirus 2 (equine cytomegalovirus).. Arch Virol 1989;104(1-2):87-94.
    doi: 10.1007/BF01313810pubmed: 2564271google scholar: lookup
  65. Plummer G, Goodheart CR, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses: antigenic relationships and deoxyribonucleic acid densities.. Infect Immun 1973 Oct;8(4):621-7.
    doi: 10.1128/iai.8.4.621-627.1973pmc: PMC422900pubmed: 4742974google scholar: lookup
  66. OIE. Conclusions and Recommendations. World Organisation for Animal Health OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, OIE Headquarters, 22 March 2017; Paris, France: 2017.
  67. Hussey SB, Clark R, Lunn KF, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley JM, Lunn DP. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006 Jul;18(4):335-42.
    doi: 10.1177/104063870601800403pubmed: 16921871google scholar: lookup
  68. Diallo IS, Hewitson GR, de Jong A, Kelly MA, Wright DJ, Corney BG, Rodwell BJ. Equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in South-East Queensland.. Arch Virol 2008;153(9):1643-9.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-008-0158-ypubmed: 18677574google scholar: lookup
  69. Holloway SA, Lindquester GJ, Studdert MJ, Drummer HE. Identification, sequence analysis and characterisation of equine herpesvirus 5 glycoprotein B.. Arch Virol 1999;144(2):287-307.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050050504pubmed: 10470254google scholar: lookup
  70. Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood.. Syst Biol 2003 Oct;52(5):696-704.
    doi: 10.1080/10635150390235520pubmed: 14530136google scholar: lookup
  71. Hall TA. BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp. 1999;41:95–98.
  72. Rambaut A, Lam TT, Max Carvalho L, Pybus OG. Exploring the temporal structure of heterochronous sequences using TempEst (formerly Path-O-Gen).. Virus Evol 2016 Jan;2(1):vew007.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/vew007pmc: PMC4989882pubmed: 27774300google scholar: lookup
  73. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees.. BMC Evol Biol 2007 Nov 8;7:214.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-214pmc: PMC2247476pubmed: 17996036google scholar: lookup
  74. Bielejec F, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Lemey P. SPREAD: spatial phylogenetic reconstruction of evolutionary dynamics.. Bioinformatics 2011 Oct 15;27(20):2910-2.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr481pmc: PMC3187652pubmed: 21911333google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,359 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.