FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Emerging infectious diseases2018; 24(5); 898-901; doi: 10.3201/eid2405.171844

Equine Encephalosis Virus in India, 2008.

Abstract: A virus isolated from a sick horse from India in 2008 was confirmed by next-generation sequencing analysis to be equine encephalosis virus (EEV). EEV in India is concerning because several species of Culicoides midge, which play a major role in EEV natural maintenance and transmission, are present in this country.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2018-04-18 PubMed ID: 29664366PubMed Central: PMC5938759DOI: 10.3201/eid2405.171844Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about the identification of Equine Encephalosis Virus (EEV) in a sick horse in India, a location of potential concern due to the prevalence of the transmitting Culicoides midge species.

Identification of the Virus

  • The researchers isolated a virus from a horse in India that was showing signs of illness. The virus was subjected to a high-precision testing technique called next-generation sequencing.
  • Next-generation sequencing is a method used to determine the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule. It is a highly accurate method used in the identification of various types of viruses.
  • Following analysis, the results confirmed that the virus was Equine Encephalosis Virus (EEV), marking the presence of this virus in India for the first time.

Concerns About EEV in India

  • The presence of EEV in India is of significant concern due to the presence of several species of Culicoides midge, an insect that plays a key role in the natural maintenance and transmission of EEV.
  • Equine Encephalosis Virus is known to cause a non-contagious, mosquito-borne disease, affecting mainly horses but potentially other equine animals as well. The primary carriers for EEV are Culicoides midge. These midges are widespread in many parts of the world, including India.
  • The active role of the midge in transmitting the virus increases the potential for a wider spread of the disease in the country, posing a serious threat to the equine population in India.
  • It is thus vital to control the Culicoides midge population and take precautions to protect equine animals from infection, which this research brings to light.

Cite This Article

APA
Yadav PD, Albariño CG, Nyayanit DA, Guerrero L, Jenks MH, Sarkale P, Nichol ST, Mourya DT. (2018). Equine Encephalosis Virus in India, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis, 24(5), 898-901. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2405.171844

Publication

Emerging infectious diseases
ISSN: 1080-6059
NlmUniqueID: 9508155
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 24
Issue: 5
Pages: 898-901

Researcher Affiliations

Yadav, Pragya D
    Albariño, César G
      Nyayanit, Dimpal A
        Guerrero, Lisa
          Jenks, M Harley
            Sarkale, Prasad
              Nichol, Stuart T
                Mourya, Devendra T

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Animals
                  • Ceratopogonidae / virology
                  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
                  • Horse Diseases / virology
                  • Horses
                  • India / epidemiology
                  • Orbivirus / genetics
                  • Orbivirus / isolation & purification
                  • Phylogeny
                  • Reoviridae Infections / epidemiology
                  • Reoviridae Infections / veterinary
                  • Reoviridae Infections / virology

                  References

                  This article includes 11 references
                  1. Dhama K, Pawaiya RVS, Karthik K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Verma AK. Equine encephalosis virus (EEV): a review. Asian J Anim Vet Adv 2014;9:123–33.
                    doi: 10.3923/ajava.2014.123.133google scholar: lookup
                  2. McCall CA. Control of common infectious horse diseases [cited 2018 Feb 26]. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0589/index2.tmpl
                  3. Westcott D, Wescott DG, Mildenberg Z, Bellaiche M, McGowan SL, Grierson SS, Choudhury B, Steinbach F. Evidence for the circulation of equine encephalosis virus in Israel since 2001.. PLoS One 2013;8(8):e70532.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070532pmc: PMC3741287pubmed: 23950952google scholar: lookup
                  4. Tirosh-Levy S, Gelman B, Zivotofsky D, Quraan L, Khinich E, Nasereddin A, Abdeen Z, Steinman A. Seroprevalence and risk factor analysis for exposure to equine encephalosis virus in Israel, Palestine and Jordan.. Vet Med Sci 2017 May;3(2):82-90.
                    doi: 10.1002/vms3.58pmc: PMC5488184pubmed: 28713576google scholar: lookup
                  5. Rathogwa NM, Quan M, Smit JQ, Lourens C, Guthrie AJ, van Vuuren M. Development of a real time polymerase chain reaction assay for equine encephalosis virus.. J Virol Methods 2014 Jan;195:205-10.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.018pubmed: 24161811google scholar: lookup
                  6. Aharonson-Raz K, Steinman A, Bumbarov V, Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Batten C, Potgieter C, Gottlieb Y, Mertens P, Klement E. Isolation and phylogenetic grouping of equine encephalosis virus in Israel.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Oct;17(10):1883-6.
                    doi: 10.3201/eid1710.110350pmc: PMC3310674pubmed: 22000361google scholar: lookup
                  7. Yozwiak NL, Skewes-Cox P, Stenglein MD, Balmaseda A, Harris E, DeRisi JL. Virus identification in unknown tropical febrile illness cases using deep sequencing.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012;6(2):e1485.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001485pmc: PMC3274504pubmed: 22347512google scholar: lookup
                  8. Prachayangprecha S, Schapendonk CM, Koopmans MP, Osterhaus AD, Schürch AC, Pas SD, van der Eijk AA, Poovorawan Y, Haagmans BL, Smits SL. Exploring the potential of next-generation sequencing in detection of respiratory viruses.. J Clin Microbiol 2014 Oct;52(10):3722-30.
                    doi: 10.1128/JCM.01641-14pmc: PMC4187785pubmed: 25100822google scholar: lookup
                  9. Shirato K, Miyoshi H, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Detection of West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus using real-time PCR with a probe common to both viruses.. J Virol Methods 2005 Jun;126(1-2):119-25.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.001pubmed: 15847927google scholar: lookup
                  10. Reed LJ, Muench H. A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg 1938;27:493–7.
                  11. Pyle RL. Taxonomer: a relational data model for managing information relevant to taxonomic research. PhyloInformatics 2004;1:1–54.

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 20 times.
                  1. Steinman A, Erster O, Tirosh-Levy S. Virus Infection in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2022 Apr 8;12(8).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12080957pubmed: 35454204google scholar: lookup
                  2. Tirosh-Levy S, Steinman A. Equine Encephalosis Virus. Animals (Basel) 2022 Jan 29;12(3).
                    doi: 10.3390/ani12030337pubmed: 35158658google scholar: lookup
                  3. Sahay RR, Shete AM, Yadav PD, Patil S, Majumdar T, Jain R, Nyayanit DA, Kaushal H, Panjwani SJ, Upadhyay KJ, Varevadiya CL, Vora A, Kanani A, Gangakhedkar RR. Sequential determination of viral load, humoral responses and phylogenetic analysis in fatal and non-fatal cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients from Gujarat, India, 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021 Aug;15(8):e0009718.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009718pubmed: 34460819google scholar: lookup
                  4. Yadav PD, Nyayanit DA, Majumdar T, Patil S, Kaur H, Gupta N, Shete AM, Pandit P, Kumar A, Aggarwal N, Narayan J, Vijay N, Kalawat U, Sugunan AP, Munivenkatappa A, Sharma T, Devi S, Majumdar T, Jaryal S, Bakshi R, Joshi Y, Sahay R, Shastri J, Singh M, Kumar M, Rawat V, Dutta S, Yadav S, Krishnasamy K, Raut S, Biswas D, Borkakoty B, Verma S, Rani S, Deval H, Patel D, Turuk J, Malhotra B, Fomda B, Nag V, Jain A, Bhargava A, Potdar V, Cherian S, Abraham P, Gopal A, Panda S, Bhargava B. An Epidemiological Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Sequences from Different Regions of India. Viruses 2021 May 17;13(5).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13050925pubmed: 34067745google scholar: lookup
                  5. Snyman J, Koekemoer O, van Schalkwyk A, Jansen van Vuren P, Snyman L, Williams J, Venter M. Epidemiology and Genomic Analysis of Equine Encephalosis Virus Detected in Horses with Clinical Signs in South Africa, 2010-2017. Viruses 2021 Mar 2;13(3).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13030398pubmed: 33801457google scholar: lookup
                  6. Sudeep AB, Yadav PD, Gokhale MD, Balasubramanian R, Gupta N, Shete A, Jain R, Patil S, Sahay RR, Nyayanit DA, Gopale S, Pardeshi PG, Majumdar TD, Patil DR, Sugunan AP, Mourya DT. Detection of Nipah virus in Pteropus medius in 2019 outbreak from Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. BMC Infect Dis 2021 Feb 9;21(1):162.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-05865-7pubmed: 33563231google scholar: lookup
                  7. Jain P, Prakash O, Nyayanit DA, Verma AK, Yadav PD, Khan DN, Prakash S, Mishra H, Reddy H, Agarwal A, Bhatt MB, Jain A. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 clusters from symptomatic cases in India. Indian J Med Res 2020 Jul & Aug;152(1 & 2):111-115.
                    doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2411_20pubmed: 32859867google scholar: lookup
                  8. Sarkale P, Patil S, Yadav PD, Nyayanit DA, Sapkal G, Baradkar S, Lakra R, Shete-Aich A, Prasad S, Basu A, Dar L, Vipat V, Giri S, Potdar V, Choudhary ML, Praharaj I, Jain A, Malhotra B, Gawande P, Kalele K, Gupta N, Cherian SS, Abraham P. First isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from clinical samples in India. Indian J Med Res 2020 Feb & Mar;151(2 & 3):244-250.
                    doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1029_20pubmed: 32362649google scholar: lookup
                  9. Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Gupta N, Shete AM, Radhakrishnan C, Mohan G, Menon N, Bhatnagar T, Suma K, Kadam AV, Ullas PT, Anu Kumar B, Sugunan AP, Sreekala VK, Khobragade R, Gangakhedkar RR, Mourya DT. Experiential learnings from the Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala towards containment of infectious public health emergencies in India. Epidemiol Infect 2020 Apr 23;148:e90.
                    doi: 10.1017/S0950268820000825pubmed: 32321607google scholar: lookup
                  10. Yadav PD, Shete-Aich A, Nyayanit DA, Pardeshi P, Majumdar T, Balasubramanian R, Ullas PT, Mohandas S, Dighe H, Sawant P, Patil S, Patil D, Gokhale MD, Mathapati B, Sudeep AB, Baradkar S, Kumar A, Kharde R, Salve M, Joshi Y, Gupta N, Mourya DT. Detection of coronaviruses in Pteropus & Rousettus species of bats from different States of India. Indian J Med Res 2020 Feb & Mar;151(2 & 3):226-235.
                    doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_795_20pubmed: 32317409google scholar: lookup
                  11. Yadav PD, Potdar VA, Choudhary ML, Nyayanit DA, Agrawal M, Jadhav SM, Majumdar TD, Shete-Aich A, Basu A, Abraham P, Cherian SS. Full-genome sequences of the first two SARS-CoV-2 viruses from India. Indian J Med Res 2020 Feb & Mar;151(2 & 3):200-209.
                    doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_663_20pubmed: 32242873google scholar: lookup
                  12. Saxena VK, Pawar SD, Qureshi THIH, Surve P, Yadav P, Nabi F, Mendadkar R. Isolation and molecular characterization of coxsackievirus A6 and coxsackievirus A16 from a case of recurrent Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, 2018. Virusdisease 2020 Mar;31(1):56-60.
                    doi: 10.1007/s13337-020-00567-1pubmed: 32206699google scholar: lookup
                  13. Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Ullas PT, Bhardwaj SD, Sahay RR, Chadha MS, Shete AM, Jadhav S, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR, Khasnobis P, Singh SK. Emerging/re-emerging viral diseases & new viruses on the Indian horizon. Indian J Med Res 2019 Apr;149(4):447-467.
                    doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1239_18pubmed: 31411169google scholar: lookup
                  14. Bhardwaj SD, Potdar VA, Yadav PD, Chaudhary ML, Chadha MS, Mourya D. A case report of the enterovirus-D68 associated severe acute respiratory illness in a pediatric case from India. J Infect Public Health 2019 Nov-Dec;12(6):900-903.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.013pubmed: 31085132google scholar: lookup
                  15. Yadav PD, Shete AM, Kumar GA, Sarkale P, Sahay RR, Radhakrishnan C, Lakra R, Pardeshi P, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR, Rajendran VR, Sadanandan R, Mourya DT. Nipah Virus Sequences from Humans and Bats during Nipah Outbreak, Kerala, India, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2019 May;25(5):1003-1006.
                    doi: 10.3201/eid2505.181076pubmed: 31002049google scholar: lookup
                  16. Yadav PD, Whitmer SLM, Sarkale P, Fei Fan Ng T, Goldsmith CS, Nyayanit DA, Esona MD, Shrivastava-Ranjan P, Lakra R, Pardeshi P, Majumdar TD, Francis A, Klena JD, Nichol ST, Ströher U, Mourya D. Characterization of Novel Reoviruses Wad Medani Virus (Orbivirus) and Kundal Virus (Coltivirus) Collected from Hyalomma anatolicum Ticks in India during Surveillance for Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. J Virol 2019 Jul 1;93(13).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00106-19pubmed: 30971476google scholar: lookup
                  17. Maan S, Belaganahalli MN, Maan NS, Potgieter AC, Mertens PPC. Quantitative RT-PCR assays for identification and typing of the Equine encephalosis virus. Braz J Microbiol 2019 Jan;50(1):287-296.
                    doi: 10.1007/s42770-018-0034-1pubmed: 30637652google scholar: lookup
                  18. Bharadwaj SD, Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Dhanawade S, Basu A, Meena VK, George S, Damle R, Sapkal GN. Acute Encephalitis with Atypical Presentation of Rubella in Family Cluster, India. Emerg Infect Dis 2018 Oct;24(10):1923-1925.
                    doi: 10.3201/eid2410.180053pubmed: 30226166google scholar: lookup
                  19. Piketh G, Viljoen A, Eberhardt C. Clinical signs, clinical pathology and outcomes in horses infected naturally with equine encephalosis virus. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):434-443.
                    doi: 10.1111/evj.70117pubmed: 41235818google scholar: lookup
                  20. Kasibhatla SM, Rajan L, Shete A, Jani V, Yadav S, Joshi Y, Sahay R, Patil DY, Mohandas S, Majumdar T, Sonavane U, Joshi R, Yadav P. Construction of an immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope vaccine candidate targeting Kyasanur forest disease virus. PeerJ 2025;13:e18982.
                    doi: 10.7717/peerj.18982pubmed: 40130172google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.