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Animal microbiome2021; 3(1); 70; doi: 10.1186/s42523-021-00131-2

Equine grass sickness (a multiple systems neuropathy) is associated with alterations in the gastrointestinal mycobiome.

Abstract: Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a multiple systems neuropathy of grazing horses of unknown aetiology. An apparently identical disease occurs in cats, dogs, rabbits, hares, sheep, alpacas and llamas. Many of the risk factors for EGS are consistent with it being a pasture mycotoxicosis. To identify potential causal fungi, the gastrointestinal mycobiota of EGS horses were evaluated using targeted amplicon sequencing, and compared with those of two control groups. Samples were collected post mortem from up to 5 sites in the gastrointestinal tracts of EGS horses (EGS group; 150 samples from 54 horses) and from control horses that were not grazing EGS pastures and that had been euthanased for reasons other than neurologic and gastrointestinal diseases (CTRL group; 67 samples from 31 horses). Faecal samples were also collected from healthy control horses that were co-grazing pastures with EGS horses at disease onset (CoG group; 48 samples from 48 horses). Results: Mycobiota at all 5 gastrointestinal sites comprised large numbers of fungi exhibiting diverse taxonomy, growth morphology, trophic mode and ecological guild. FUNGuild analysis parsed most phylotypes as ingested environmental microfungi, agaricoids and yeasts, with only 1% as gastrointestinal adapted animal endosymbionts. Mycobiota richness varied throughout the gastrointestinal tract and was greater in EGS horses. There were significant inter-group and inter-site differences in mycobiota structure. A large number of phylotypes were differentially abundant among groups. Key phylotypes (n = 56) associated with EGS were identified that had high abundance and high prevalence in EGS samples, significantly increased abundance in EGS samples, and were important determinants of the inter-group differences in mycobiota structure. Many key phylotypes were extremophiles and/or were predicted to produce cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic extrolites. Conclusions: This is the first reported molecular characterisation of the gastrointestinal mycobiota of grazing horses. Key phylotypes associated with EGS were identified. Further work is required to determine whether neurotoxic extrolites from key phylotypes contribute to EGS aetiology or whether the association of key phylotypes and EGS is a consequence of disease or is non-causal.
© 2021. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2021-10-09 PubMed ID: 34627407PubMed Central: PMC8501654DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00131-2Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study explores the connection between Equine grass sickness (a nerve disorder in grazing horses and other animals) and changes in the gut fungal population. The research identifies potential fungi that may be causing the illness by comparing the gut fungi in healthy horses and those affected by EGS.

Study Overview

  • The research focused on Equine grass sickness (EGS), which is a neurological disorder affecting grazing horses and a range of other animals including cats, dogs, rabbits, hares, sheep, alpacas, and llamas. Despite the prevalence of the illness, its exact cause remains unknown.
  • The study employed targeted amplicon sequencing to examine the gastrointestinal mycobiota (the fungal community in the gut) of horses affected by EGS and compared this with the mycobiota present in two control groups – horses that had been euthanised for reasons other than neurological and gastrointestinal diseases (CTRL group), and healthy horses sharing pastures with EGS-affected horses (CoG group).

Findings

  • Results showed that large numbers of diverse fungi were present in all five gastrointestinal sites studied, with most categorized as environmental microfungi, agaricoids, and yeasts, and only 1% as gastrointestinal adapted animal endosymbionts.
  • Significant variance in the structure of the mycobiota was observed both between the groups and between different gastrointestinal sites. Furthermore, the mycobiota richness was found to be greater in horses with EGS.
  • The study identified a number of key phylotypes (fundamental taxa defined by genetic similarity) that were associated with EGS, as they had both high prevalence and abundance in EGS samples and were significant determinants of the inter-group differences in mycobiota structure.
  • Many of these key phylotypes were extremophiles (able to tolerate extreme conditions) or capable of producing cytotoxic and/or neurotoxic extrolites (metabolic byproducts), bringing potential insights into the disease mechanism of EGS.

Conclusions and Further Research

  • This research marks the first reported molecular characterization of the gastrointestinal mycobiota of grazing horses and has identified phylotypes associated with EGS.
  • Despite these advancements, future studies are necessary to determine whether neurotoxic extrolites from these key phylotypes cause EGS, or if their association with the disease is a result of it or has no causal link.

Cite This Article

APA
McGorum BC, Chen Z, Glendinning L, Gweon HS, Hunt L, Ivens A, Keen JA, Pirie RS, Taylor J, Wilkinson T, McLachlan G. (2021). Equine grass sickness (a multiple systems neuropathy) is associated with alterations in the gastrointestinal mycobiome. Anim Microbiome, 3(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-021-00131-2

Publication

Animal microbiome
ISSN: 2524-4671
NlmUniqueID: 101759457
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 3
Issue: 1
Pages: 70
PII: 70

Researcher Affiliations

McGorum, Bruce C
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK. Bruce.mcgorum@ed.ac.uk.
Chen, Zihao
  • Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
Glendinning, Laura
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
Gweon, Hyun S
  • School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK.
Hunt, Luanne
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
Ivens, Alasdair
  • Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
Keen, John A
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
Pirie, R Scott
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
Taylor, Joanne
  • Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK.
Wilkinson, Toby
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
McLachlan, Gerry
  • Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.

Grant Funding

  • G1016 / The Horse Trust

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Citations

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