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Home / Equine Research Bank / Pathogens / Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4) Outbreak in Germany: Virol...
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 10(7); 810; doi: 10.3390/pathogens10070810

Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4) Outbreak in Germany: Virological, Serological, and Molecular Investigations.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) is enzootic in equine populations throughout the world. A large outbreak of EHV-4 respiratory infection occurred at a Standardbred horse-breeding farm in northern Germany in 2017. Respiratory illness was observed in a group of in-housed foals and mares, which subsequently resulted in disease outbreak. Out of 84 horses in the stud, 76 were tested and 41 horses were affected, including 20 foals, 10 stallions, and 11 mares. Virological investigations revealed the involvement of EHV-4 in all cases of respiratory illness, as confirmed by virus isolation, qPCR, and/or serological follow-up using virus neutralization test and peptide-specific ELISA. Among infected mares, 73% (8 out of 11) and their corresponding foals shed the virus at the same time. EHV-4 was successfully isolated from four animals (including one stallion and three foals), and molecular studies revealed a different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile in all four isolates. We determined the complete 144 kbp genome sequence of EHV-4 isolated from infected horses by next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly. Hence, EHV-4 is genetically stable in nature, different RFLP profiles, and genome sequences of the isolates, suggesting the involvement of more than one animal as a source of infection due to either true infection or reactivation from a latent state. In addition, epidemiological investigation revealed that stress caused by seasonal changes, management practices, routine equestrian activities, and exercises contributed as a multifactorial causation for disease outbreak. This study shows the importance of implementing stress alleviating measures and management practices in breeding farms in order to avoid immunosuppression and occurrence of disease.
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Publication Date: 2021-06-25 PubMed ID: 34202127PubMed Central: PMC8308676DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070810Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research investigates an outbreak of Equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) respiratory infection in a Standardbred horse-breeding farm in Germany, focusing on the virological, serological, and molecular aspects of the situation.

Outbreak Overview

  • An outbreak of EHV-4 respiratory infection transpired in a horse-breeding farm in Germany where out of the 84 horses, 76 were tested and 41 were infected. The infected horses consisted of different types including foals, stallions, and mares.

Virological investigations

  • Through viral isolation, qPCR (quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction which is a technique used to amplify and measure specific DNA sequences), and serological follow-ups using virus neutralization test and peptide-specific ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay which is a test that detects and measures antibodies in blood), EHV-4 was confirmed as the cause of all cases of respiratory illness.

Transmission and Genetic Stability of EHV-4

  • The study discovered that among the infected mares, eight out of eleven and their corresponding foals shed the virus at the same time. The EHV-4 virus was isolated from four different animals and displayed varying RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism which is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences) profiles.
  • The entire 144 kbp genome sequence of EHV-4 was unearthed from the infected horses through next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly. The findings indicated that EHV-4 is genetically stable, suggesting that multiple animals may have been the source of infection due to either true infection or reactivation from a latent state.

Epidemiological Investigation

  • The study analyzed the potential causes of the outbreak, determining that multifactorial influences driven by stress, seasonal changes, management practices, and routine equestrian activities and exercises contributed significantly.

Preventive Measures

  • The study underscores the importance of implementing stress-reducing measures and improved management practices to prevent immunosuppression and ward off potential disease outbreaks in breeding farms.

Cite This Article

APA
Pavulraj S, Eschke K, Theisen J, Westhoff S, Reimers G, Andreotti S, Osterrieder N, Azab W. (2021). Equine Herpesvirus Type 4 (EHV-4) Outbreak in Germany: Virological, Serological, and Molecular Investigations. Pathogens, 10(7), 810. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070810

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 7
PII: 810

Researcher Affiliations

Pavulraj, Selvaraj
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Eschke, Kathrin
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
Theisen, Jana
  • Die Mobile Pferdepraxis, Haberkamp 3, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany.
Westhoff, Stephanie
  • Die Mobile Pferdepraxis, Haberkamp 3, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany.
Reimers, Gitta
  • Die Mobile Pferdepraxis, Haberkamp 3, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany.
Andreotti, Sandro
  • Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Osterrieder, Nikolaus
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
  • Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong.
Azab, Walid
  • Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.

Grant Funding

  • AZ 97/3-2 / Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • NA / Indian Council of Agricultural Research
  • DFG AZ 97/3-2 / Freie Universitu00e4t Berlin

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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