[Equine piroplasmosis: Case descriptions and overview of the epidemiological situation in Europe with focus on Germany].
Abstract: Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is caused by (.) and (.) and is transmitted by hard ticks. Predominantly, the Mediterranean region is known as being endemic for both pathogens in Europe. However, autochthonous infections in central European countries such as Germany can no longer be ruled out due to individual case reports in horses without any stays abroad as well as the geographical expansion of the habitats of different tick species. The case reports presented underline the risk of infection for horses travelling to endemic areas and in horses imported from such areas to non-endemic countries. Clinical signs are often unspecific and include fever, icterus, lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, and reduced performance. Mild to severe anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality, but thrombocytopenia has also been described. Direct (polymerase chain reaction, microscopical analysis of blood smears) and indirect detection methods (detection of antibodies) are available for the diagnosis of pathogen contact and/or infection. Imidocarb-dipropionate is recommended as treatment of choice against EP. Infections with can be cleared, while infections with often result in a life-long carrier status despite treatment. Prevention is limited to controlling or avoiding tick contact. Aside from potentially severe and life-threatening clinical signs, equine piroplasmosis has a significant economic impact on the international trade of horses worldwide. EP is classified as a notifiable disease according to WOAH guidelines, which recommend serological screening for and according to the respective national guidelines when travelling across borders. To date, EP is not classified as a notifiable nor reportable disease in Germany. Die equine Piroplasmose (EP) wird durch die Erreger (.) und (.) ausgelöst und durch Schildzecken übertragen. Innerhalb Europas sind die Erreger vor allem in den Mittelmeerländern endemisch. Autochthone Infektionen können in Deutschland aufgrund einzelner Fallberichte über Infektionen ohne Auslandsaufenthalt und der geographischen Ausbreitung verschiedener Zeckenarten nicht mehr ausgeschlossen werden. Die beiden vorgestellten Fälle verdeutlichen das Risiko einer Infektion bei Auslandsreisen in endemische Regionen sowie beim Import von Pferden aus endemischen Regionen nach Deutschland. Die klinischen Symptome sind oft unspezifisch, vor allem treten Fieber, Ikterus, Lethargie, Inappetenz, Gewichtsverlust und Leistungsminderung auf. Hämatologisch sind Anämien typisch. Auch Thrombozytopenien sind beschrieben. Die Schweregrade der Zytopenien variieren von gering- bis hochgradig. Zur Diagnosestellung einer Infektion bzw. eines Erregerkontaktes sind direkte (Polymerase-Kettenreaktion, Mikroskopie von Blutausstrichen) und indirekte Nachweisverfahren (Antikörpernachweis) verfügbar. Imidocarb-Dipropionat gilt als Mittel der Wahl zur Therapie der EP. Bei Infektionen mit scheint eine Erregerelimination möglich, wohingegen Infektionen mit trotz Therapie oft in einem lebenslangen Trägerstatus resultieren. Die Prävention beschränkt sich auf die Kontrolle bzw. Vermeidung von Zeckenkontakt. Neben möglichen schwerwiegenden klinischen Auswirkungen hat die EP auch weltweit signifikante wirtschaftliche Folgen auf den Pferdehandel. Nach den Richtlinien der WOAH wird sie als meldepflichtige Erkrankung eingestuft und die Empfehlung ausgesprochen, jedes Pferd bei grenzüberschreitenden Reisen nach den jeweiligen nationalen Bestimmungen serologisch auf die EP zu testen. In Deutschland ist die Erkrankung aktuell weder melde- noch anzeigepflichtig.
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Publication Date: 2024-12-04 PubMed ID: 39631762DOI: 10.1055/a-2457-5516Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article explores the occurrence and impact of equine piroplasmosis, a tick-borne illness in horses primarily in Europe and Germany. It also discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, in addition to outlining the disease’s economic implications on global horse trading.
Overview of Equine Piroplasmosis
- Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a disease affecting horses, caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, and is predominantly transmitted by hard ticks. The most endemic regions for these pathogens in Europe are the Mediterranean countries.
- The research highlights that autochthonous infections, those originating in the same place where they are found, in central European countries such as Germany can no longer be ignored. This is due to individual case reports in horses that have not traveled abroad and an increase in the geographical spread of different tick species.
Case Descriptions and Risks
- The case studies in the article underline the risk of infection for horses traveling to endemic areas and for horses imported from endemic to non-endic areas.
- Clinical symptoms are often unspecific but can include fever, icterus (jaundice), lethargy, inappetence (lack of appetite), weight loss, and decreased performance. The most common blood abnormality observed is mild to severe anemia, while thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) has also been described.
Diagnosis and Treatment
- The diagnosis of pathogen contact and/or infection can be made using both direct methods (such as polymerase chain reaction and microscopic analysis of blood smears) and indirect detection methods (detecting antibodies).
- Treatment usually involves the use of imidocarb dipropionate. An infection with T. equi can be cleared, whereas an infection with B. caballi often results in life-long carrier status, despite treatment.
Preventive Measures and Economic Impact
- Prevention is primarily focused on controlling tick contact or avoiding it altogether.
- Besides having potential severe clinical implications, EP significantly impacts international trade of horses. EP is classified as a notifiable disease according to the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) guidelines.
- The international horse trade community is recommended to carry out serological screening for T. equi and B. caballi in accordance with respective national guidelines ahead of cross-border travel. However, in Germany, EP is neither classified as a notifiable nor reportable disease.
Cite This Article
APA
Axt CW, Springer A, von Luckner J, Naucke TJ, Müller E, Strube C, Schäfer I.
(2024).
[Equine piroplasmosis: Case descriptions and overview of the epidemiological situation in Europe with focus on Germany].
Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere.
https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2457-5516 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Laboklin GmbH and Co. KG, Bad Kissingen.
- Institut für Parasitologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
- Laboklin GmbH and Co. KG, Bad Kissingen.
- Laboklin GmbH and Co. KG, Bad Kissingen.
- Laboklin GmbH and Co. KG, Bad Kissingen.
- Institut für Parasitologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
- Laboklin GmbH and Co. KG, Bad Kissingen.
Conflict of Interest Statement
Carla Wiebke Axt, Jennifer von Luckner, Torsten J. Naucke und Ingo Schäfer sind Angestellte der Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG. Elisabeth Müller ist die Geschäftsführerin der Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG. Christina Strube hat für diagnostische und (veterinär-)pharmazeutische Unternehmen Vorträge gehalten sowie diese beraten und in der Vergangenheit wie auch gegenwärtig wissenschaftlich zusammengearbeitet. Andrea Springer deklariert keinen potenziellen Interessenkonflikt.
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