[Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the Netherlands? An overview].

This research describes a case of Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in a Dutch Warmblood horse returning from the US. It outlines the disease’s mode of infection, diagnosis, treatment, and potential threats within European horses.

Disease Overview and Case Presentation

• The study presents a case of Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in the Netherlands in a Dutch Warmblood gelding. This is a neurological disease in horses caused by the protozoa Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi.
• The horse was diagnosed with EPM a few months after being exported to the United States. After returning to the Netherlands, the horse was treated for the disease.

Mode of Infection

• The article discusses the mode of EPM infection, which is usually transmitted through ingestion. This typically happens when horses ingest feed or water contaminated with the protozoa, often through the feces of infected animals, such as opossums.
• An infection occurs when the protozoa enter the central nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to the brain and spinal cord, which ultimately leads to neurological symptoms.

Disease Diagnosis and Therapeutic Options

• For the diagnosis of EPM, several methods are available. These include observing clinical signs such as loss of coordination or muscle weakness, serum and cerebrospinal fluid testing for antibodies against the parasitic protozoa, and post-mortem examination to confirm the presence of the pathogen in the brain or spinal cord.
• The treatment options generally consist of antiprotozoal drugs to kill the parasite and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce inflammation and improve neurological function. Early detection is crucial for a more effective treatment.

Assessment of Potential Threats in Europe

• EPM infection due to Sarcocystis neurona in Europe is thought to be restricted to horses that return or are imported from North America.
• However, the study brings forth the possible threat of cases of EPM caused by an infection with Neospora spp, even though this topic is only briefly discussed. Therefore, they suggest vigilance in monitoring horses for symptoms of EPM, especially those traveling from or to areas where the disease is prevalent.