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Home / Equine Research Bank / Equine Vet J / Equine temporomandibular joint diseases: A systematic review...
Equine veterinary journal2025; doi: 10.1111/evj.14462

Equine temporomandibular joint diseases: A systematic review.

Abstract: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a unique joint that enables mandibular movement. Temporomandibular diseases (TMDs) impair joint function, leading to more or less specific clinical signs. Objective: To compile and disseminate clinical data and research findings from existing publications on equine TMD. Methods: Systematic review. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, literature searches were conducted in PUBMED, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. The inclusion criteria covered case reports and research articles on equine TMDs. The selected records were grouped considering septic TMJ arthritis, primary TMJ osteoarthritis (OA), and non-arthritic TMDs. A risk of bias assessment was performed for the research articles. Results: Equine TMD has been described in 51 publications to date, with septic TMJ arthritis accounting for 41.2% of TMD cases, fractures/luxations for 29.4%, and primary TMJ OA for 21.6%. Trauma was confirmed or suspected in 54.9% of TMD cases. The severity of clinical signs was mild to moderate in primary TMJ OA and mild to severe in septic TMJ arthritis and non-arthritic TMDs. Clinical signs were related to the underlying cause, particularly in terms of TMJ swelling, pain, and masticatory problems. Among diagnostic imaging modalities, CT was utilised in 92.2% of horses, radiography in 84.4%, and ultrasonography in 21.6%. Conclusions: The lack of clinical data in some reports. A risk of bias due to missing data. Conclusions: TMDs are infrequently described, with trauma being the most common TMD cause. TMDs are associated with TMJ dysfunction; however, the diagnostic protocol is varied. Regardless of the TMD type, a detailed diagnostic protocol should include a thorough history, detailed TMJ examination, and radiography as the first imaging choice in field practice, with CT as the 'gold standard' in clinical settings. For septic TMJ arthritis, a bacterial culture is recommended, while for primary TMJ OA, functional tests and local analgesia.
© 2025 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2025-01-24 PubMed ID: 39861936DOI: 10.1111/evj.14462Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article provides a systematic review of existing publications on equine temporomandibular joint diseases (TMDs), evaluating the prevalence of different types of TMDs, their causes, clinical signs, and diagnostic techniques.

Methods and Inclusion Criteria

  • The study was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, which are a set of standards to ensure systematic reviews adhere to methodological rigor.
  • Literature searches were conducted in databases such as PUBMED, Scopus, and Web of Knowledge. The researchers included both case reports and research articles centered on equine TMDs.
  • The included studies were categorized based on the types of TMDs: septic TMJ arthritis, primary TMJ osteoarthritis, and non-arthritic TMDs.
  • To ensure the validity of the retrieved results, a risk of bias assessment was performed for the research articles.

Results and Findings

  • Among 51 publications, septic TMJ arthritis was identified as the leading TMD, accounting for 41.2% of TMD cases. Fractures/luxations accounted for 29.4% and primary TMJ osteoarthritis for 21.6%.
  • 54.9% of TMD cases had confirmed or suspected trauma as the underlying cause.
  • Among the diagnostic imaging modalities, Computed Tomography (CT) scans were the most frequently used (92.2% of cases), followed by radiography (84.4%) and ultrasonography (21.6%).
  • Clinical signs varied depending on the TMD type, but generally included swelling, pain, and masticatory problems. The severity of these signs was typically mild to moderate for primary TMJ OA, and ranged from mild to severe for septic TMJ arthritis and non-arthritic TMDs.

Conclusions

  • The researchers identified a lack of clinical data in some reports, warning of a potential risk of bias due to missing data. This could potentially limit the validity of the findings.
  • The study concluded that TMDs are not commonly described, but when they do occur, trauma is the most frequent cause. A careful diagnostic protocol should include a thorough history, detailed TMJ examination, and a stepwise approach to imaging – starting with radiography in the field and moving to CT in a clinical setting.
  • The researchers recommend bacterial culture for septic TMJ arthritis cases and functional tests and local analgesia for primary TMJ OA, signifying a need for a targeted approach based on the specific TMD type.

Cite This Article

APA
Jasiński T, Turek B, Kaczorowski M, Brehm W, Skierbiszewska K, Domino M. (2025). Equine temporomandibular joint diseases: A systematic review. Equine Vet J. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14462

Publication

Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English

Researcher Affiliations

Jasiński, Tomasz
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
Turek, Bernard
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
Kaczorowski, Michał
  • Private Equine Practice, Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland.
Brehm, Walter
  • Department for Horses, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Skierbiszewska, Katarzyna
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
Domino, Małgorzata
  • Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS - SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.

Grant Funding

  • Science Development Fund of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences

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