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Home / Equine Research Bank / Parasit Vectors / Equine trypanosomosis: enigmas and diagnostic challenges.
Parasites & vectors2019; 12(1); 234; doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3484-x

Equine trypanosomosis: enigmas and diagnostic challenges.

Abstract: Equine trypanosomosis is a complex of infectious diseases called dourine, nagana and surra. It is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma that are transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies, mechanically by other haematophagous flies, or sexually. Trypanosoma congolense (subgenus Nannomonas) and T. vivax (subgenus Dutonella) are genetically and morphologically distinct from T. brucei, T. equiperdum and T. evansi (subgenus Trypanozoon). It remains controversial whether the three latter taxa should be considered distinct species. Recent outbreaks of surra and dourine in Europe illustrate the risk and consequences of importation of equine trypanosomosis with infected animals into non-endemic countries. Knowledge on the epidemiological situation is fragmentary since many endemic countries do not report the diseases to the World Organisation for Animal Health, OIE. Other major obstacles to the control of equine trypanosomosis are the lack of vaccines, the inability of drugs to cure the neurological stage of the disease, the inconsistent case definition and the limitations of current diagnostics. Especially in view of the ever-increasing movement of horses around the globe, there is not only the obvious need for reliable curative and prophylactic drugs but also for accurate diagnostic tests and algorithms. Unfortunately, clinical signs are not pathognomonic, parasitological tests are not sufficiently sensitive, serological tests miss sensitivity or specificity, and molecular tests cannot distinguish the taxa within the Trypanozoon subgenus. To address the limitations of the current diagnostics for equine trypanosomosis, we recommend studies into improved molecular and serological tests with the highest possible sensitivity and specificity. We realise that this is an ambitious goal, but it is dictated by needs at the point of care. However, depending on available treatment options, it may not always be necessary to identify which trypanosome taxon is responsible for a given infection.
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Publication Date: 2019-05-15 PubMed ID: 31092285PubMed Central: PMC6518633DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3484-xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Equine trypanosomosis is a group of infectious diseases that pose a significant diagnostic and treatment challenge. The diseases, which include dourine, nagana, and surra, are caused by different species of the parasite Trypanosoma, and are transmitted by flies or sexually. There are current debates about the taxonomic classification of the different Trypanosoma species. Recent outbreaks in Europe demonstrate the need for enhanced control and management strategies, including development of effective diagnostics and treatment approaches. Current diagnostic methods are unreliable and improved diagnostic procedures are needed.

Understanding Equine Trypanosomosis

  • Equine trypanosomosis is a collection of infectious diseases that primarily affect horses. The diseases within this group include dourine, nagana, and surra.
  • Equine trypanosomosis is caused by several species from the parasite genus Trypanosoma. These parasites are transmitted in various ways, either cyclically by tsetse flies, mechanically by other blood-sucking flies, or sexually.
  • Notable species that cause these diseases are Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei, T. equiperdum, and T. evansi. They are genotypically and phenotypically distinct, hence the question of whether they should be classified as separate taxa.
  • Equine trypanosomosis holds significant ramifications for horses worldwide, mainly due to its ability to spread from endemic regions to non-endemic countries through the movement of infected animals.

Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment

  • The paper acknowledges the several challenges that exist in managing these diseases. The epidemiology of equine trypanosomosis is not well-understood, primarily due to poor reporting by endemic countries to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
  • There is also a lack of vaccines to help prevent the diseases, and current drugs are incapable of treating the neurological stage of the disease.
  • The inconsistency in case definition and the limitations of current diagnostics present major obstacles in the detection and management of equine trypanosomosis.
  • The authors argue that much-needed improvements in the accuracy of diagnostic tests are required, particularly to meet the increasing global horse movement. Likewise, the development of effective curative and prophylactic drugs is also crucial.

Future Directions for Research

  • The authors recommend research into improved diagnostic methods, including enhanced molecular and serological tests, to address the identified limitations.
  • Understanding the needs from a point of care perspective is crucial in developing these diagnostic improvements. However, the authors acknowledge that based on available treatment options, it may not always be essential to identify the specific trypanosome causing the infection.

Cite This Article

APA
(2019). Equine trypanosomosis: enigmas and diagnostic challenges. Parasit Vectors, 12(1), 234. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3484-x

Publication

Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
NlmUniqueID: 101462774
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 1
Pages: 234
PII: 234

Researcher Affiliations

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Dourine / diagnosis
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Horse Diseases / parasitology
  • Horses
  • Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / veterinary
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Serologic Tests
  • Trypanosoma / classification
  • Trypanosoma / pathogenicity
  • Trypanosoma brucei brucei / pathogenicity
  • Trypanosoma congolense / pathogenicity
  • Trypanosoma vivax / pathogenicity
  • Trypanosomiasis / diagnosis
  • Trypanosomiasis / veterinary

Grant Funding

  • MR/L019701/1 / Medical Research Council
  • Senior Non-Clinical Fellowship MR/L019701/1 / UK Medical Research Council
  • OPP1174221-2018 / Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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