Equine trypanosomosis in central and western Punjab: prevalence, haemato-biochemical response and associated risk factors.
Abstract: The detection of Trypanosoma evansi in blood is intricate, primarily in chronic stage of infection, as the parasitaemia is often low and fluctuating. The climatic conditions of the target area of Punjab (a province of India with a total of 34,000 horses and ponies used for sports and transport) are conducive for the parasite propagation. The objective of present investigation was to assess the prevalence of T. evansi in central and western Punjab by PCR and card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi) in relation to clinico-haematobiochemical alterations and risk factors associated with latent trypanosomosis. A total of 169 equine blood and serum samples tested by CATT/T. evansi revealed 16 cases positive, with 6.8% from central plain and 13.63% from western zone. To assess the specificity of serological test, PCR1 was performed using established primer pair TR3 5'-GCG CGG ATT CTT TGC AGA CGA-3' and TR4 5'-TGC AGA CAC TGG AAT GTT ACT-3' for T. evansi. PCR2 applied with primer pair RoTat1.2F: 5'-ATG TCA ACG ATG CCT GTT ACA TTA CGC AC-3' and RoTat1.2R: 5'-TAA ATA TCA CTG TCA AGA CCT GCT GCG G-3' to rule out the consensus between the finding of the two PCR assays and agglutination test for T. evansi, which displayed results in concordance with PCR1. PCR assays showed 1.92 and 1.51% positive samples from central plain and western zone, respectively. With respect to PCR assay, CATT/T. evansi showed 100% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity. Microscopy showed a very low prevalence rate of 0.59% with only one sample positive with teaming parasitaemia. Comparison between sexes revealed higher positivity in mares by the three tests (BSE: 0.95%, PCR: 2.88%, CATT/T. evansi: 14.42%). The haemato-biochemical factors were found to be altered in PCR positive cases, while the mean value of vital parameters lied in normal range in seropositive cases. The female horse (RR=0.0937, 95% CI=1.388-190.223%) population was found to be at the highest risk of seropositivity for T. evansi, particularly in the unorganized farms (RR=19.726, 95% CI=2.918-400.221%).
Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Publication Date: 2014-06-12 PubMed ID: 24931285DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.003Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research investigates the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi – a parasite affecting horses – in central and western Punjab, India, along with its associated risk factors.
Objective and Methodology
- The study aimed to detect the presence of Trypanosoma evansi in horses in Punjab using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and the card agglutination test (CATT/T. evansi). These tests detect the presence of the parasite in the blood and serum samples of horses.
- The test was conducted on 169 equine blood and serum samples from the target area, which houses approximately 34,000 horses and ponies used for sports and transport. The region’s climatic conditions are deemed suitable for the propagation of this parasite.
Findings
- Through the CATT/T. evansi, it was revealed that 16 cases were positive, with 6.8% from the central plain and 13.63% from the western zone of Punjab.
- Specificity of the serological test was assessed using PCR1 with established primer pairs for T. evansi. Later, PCR2 was applied with another primer pair to cross-verify the findings of PCR1 and the agglutination test.
- PCR tests detected the prevalence of the parasite in 1.92% and 1.51% of the samples from the central plain and western zone, respectively.
- In relation to the PCR test, CATT/T. evansi displayed 100% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity.
- Microscopy detection unearthed a very low prevalence rate of the parasite (0.59%), with only one sample showing teeming parasitaemia.
Analysis and Risk Factors
- Comparison between sexes indicated higher positivity in mares (female horses). This was shown through blood smear examination (BSE: 0.95%), PCR (2.88%), and CATT/T. evansi (14.42%) tests.
- While the mean value of vital parameters remained in the normal range in serologically positive cases, haemato-biochemical factors were found altered in PCR positive cases.
- Females, especially those in unorganized farms, were found to be at the highest risk of seropositivity for T. evansi.
Cite This Article
APA
Sumbria D, Singla LD, Sharma A, Moudgil AD, Bal MS.
(2014).
Equine trypanosomosis in central and western Punjab: prevalence, haemato-biochemical response and associated risk factors.
Acta Trop, 138, 44-50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.06.003 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India. Electronic address: ldsingla@gmail.com.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141004, India.
MeSH Terms
- Agglutination Tests / methods
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan / blood
- DNA Primers / genetics
- DNA, Protozoan / genetics
- Female
- Horse Diseases / epidemiology
- Horse Diseases / parasitology
- Horse Diseases / pathology
- Horses
- India / epidemiology
- Male
- Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sex Factors
- Trypanosoma / genetics
- Trypanosoma / immunology
- Trypanosoma / isolation & purification
- Trypanosomiasis / epidemiology
- Trypanosomiasis / parasitology
- Trypanosomiasis / pathology
- Trypanosomiasis / veterinary
- Veterinary Medicine / methods
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Suprihati E, Suwanti LT, Yudhana A, Kusumaningrum AI. Comparison of ITS-1 and TBR-1/2 primer sensitivity for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi local isolates in experimental rats using a polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2022 Jul;15(7):1772-1778.
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- Sarma K, Eregowda CG, Roychoudhury P, Borthakur SK, Jawalagatti V, Prasad H, Behera SK, Thakur N, Bora N, Das D. A 5-Year Prospective Study on Incidence and Clinico-pathological Changes Associated with Naturally Occurring Trypanosomosis in Dogs of Mizoram, India. Acta Parasitol 2022 Mar;67(1):61-71.
- Abdel-Rhman SH, Rizk DE. Comparative Assessment of Different PCR-Based Typing Methods of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates. Infect Drug Resist 2021;14:1019-1035.
- Nurcahyo W, Yowi MRK, Hartati S, Prastowo J. The prevalence of horse trypanosomiasis in Sumba Island, Indonesia and its detection using card agglutination tests. Vet World 2019 May;12(5):646-652.
- Raftery AG, Jallow S, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in The Gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019 Mar;13(3):e0007175.
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- Sallemi S, Rjeibi MR, Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Ben Said M, Khamassi Khbou M, Gharbi M. Molecular prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Theileria annulata and Trypanosoma evansi in cattle in Northern Tunisia. Vet Med Sci 2018 Feb;4(1):17-25.
- Sarkhel SP, Gupta SK, Kaushik J, Singh J, Gaur DK, Kumar S, Kumar R. Molecular characterization of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of different Trypanosoma evansi isolates of India. J Parasit Dis 2017 Jun;41(2):527-533.
- Mohammed Jajere S, Rabana Lawal J, Mohammed Bello A, Wakil Y, Aliyu Turaki U, Waziri I. Risk Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Helminths among Indigenous Donkeys (Equus asinus) in Northeastern Nigeria. Scientifica (Cairo) 2016;2016:3735210.
- Sumbria D, Das Singla L, Sharma A. Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infection of equids in Punjab, India: a serological and molecular survey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016 Jan;48(1):45-52.
- Raftery AG, Gummery L, Garcia K, Mohite D, Capewell P, Sutton DGM. Equine trypanosomiasis, a systematic review and meta-analyses: Prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Equine Vet J 2026 Mar;58(2):291-319.
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