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Vaccines2020; 8(3); 466; doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030466

Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection.

Abstract: Equine influenza is a major respiratory disease of horses that is largely controlled by vaccination in some equine populations. Virus-neutralising antibodies, the mainstay of the protective immune response, are problematic in assaying for equine influenza virus, as most strains do not replicate efficiently in cell culture. Surrogate measures of protective antibody responses include the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. For this study, a pseudotyped virus, bearing an envelope containing the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 equine influenza virus strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8), was generated to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples ( = 134) from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies using a pseudotyped virus neutralization test (PVNT). Overall, the results of PVNT were in good agreement with results from the SRH assay (100% sensitivity, 68.53% specificity) and HI test (99.2% sensitivity, 49.03% specificity). The PVNT was apparently more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be advantageous for studying the antibody kinetics, particularly when antibody levels are low. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay and to ascertain the inter-laboratory reproducibility. In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after immunization and/or experimental infection in the natural host, and may complement existing antibody assays.
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Publication Date: 2020-08-21 PubMed ID: 32825702PubMed Central: PMC7565038DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030466Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study evaluated a new method for measuring the effectiveness of the horse flu vaccine. Researchers created a pseudotyped virus, a designed virus with an outer layer from a specific strain of horse flu, to measure how well the antibodies in vaccinated or infected horses neutralize the virus. The results from this new test method were quite consistent with results from two existing test methods, and the new method may be more sensitive.

Research Context and Purpose

  • The research focuses on equine influenza, a major respiratory disease in horses, which is mostly controlled through vaccinations.
  • The purpose of the research was to investigate a method of measuring virus-neutralising antibodies induced by vaccination and infection. This is challenging because most strains of equine influenza virus don’t reproduce efficiently in cell cultures.
  • The study aimed to use a pseudotyped virus, specifically designed with a layer from a particular strain of equine influenza virus, to measure the effectiveness of virus-neutralising antibodies.

Research Methodology

  • The pseudotyped virus used in this study was engineered to contain the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 equine influenza virus strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8).
  • The researchers used a pseudotyped virus neutralisation test (PVNT) to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies.

Research Findings

  • The results of the PVNT test were found to be in good agreement with two other tests – the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay.
  • In terms of accuracy, the PVNT showed 100% sensitivity and 68.53% specificity when compared with the SRH assay, and 99.2% sensitivity and 49.03% specificity when compared with the HI test.
  • Notably, the PVNT was more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be beneficial for studying antibody kinetics, especially when antibody levels are low.

Further Research and Conclusions

  • Despite these promising results, the study authors stipulate that more studies are needed to determine if a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay, as well as to assess the inter-laboratory reproducibility of the tests.
  • In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after vaccination and/or experimental infection in the natural host. Hence, the PVNT may complement existing antibody assays in the study and control of equine influenza.

Cite This Article

APA
Kinsley R, Pronost S, De Bock M, Temperton N, Daly JM, Paillot R, Scott S. (2020). Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection. Vaccines (Basel), 8(3), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030466

Publication

Vaccines
ISSN: 2076-393X
NlmUniqueID: 101629355
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 8
Issue: 3
PII: 466

Researcher Affiliations

Kinsley, Rebecca
  • Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
Pronost, Stéphane
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France.
  • Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
De Bock, Manuelle
  • Elanco Animal Health, Plantin en Moretuslei, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium.
Temperton, Nigel
  • Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.
Daly, Janet M
  • School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
Paillot, Romain
  • LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France.
  • Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
  • Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK.
Scott, Simon
  • Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Hu C, Li D, Liu Z, Ren L, Su J, Zhu M, Feng Y, Wang Z, Liu Q, Zhu B, Shao Y. Exploring Rapid and Effective Screening Methods for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients and Longitudinal Vaccinated Populations. Pathogens 2022 Jan 27;11(2).
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  2. Yanamandra U, Tandel K, Rayapureddi K, Singh SP, Arivalagan B, Kalra DK, Sahu R, Menon AS, Kotwal N. Which test results to believe? Comparison of different ELISA kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody among COVID-vaccinated individuals. Med J Armed Forces India 2025 May-Jun;81(3):320-327.
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