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Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2025; 15(24); 3640; doi: 10.3390/ani15243640

Evaluation of Concentration Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Their Metabolites in Eventing Horses During Cross-Country Competitions as Potential Performance Predictors.

Abstract: Amino acid (AA) metabolism and the adaptation of muscles to increased physical performance are interdependent. This field study examined changes in plasma amino acid (PAA) concentrations and two metabolites (ammonia and urea) before and after cross-country (CC) competitions throughout an entire eventing season and their associations with performance outcomes in eventing horses. Twenty horses from nine different Warmblood breeds were evaluated between two and seven times across 14 international eventing competitions over a 23-week period. A total of 55 rides were sampled. Blood samples were collected at four time points: before the start (TP0), 10 min after completion of the CC ride (TP1), 30 min post-CC (TP2), and the next morning (TP3). A mixed ANOVA revealed significant effects ( < 0.05) of calendar week on PAA concentrations for asparagine, ornithine, and proline. Correlations between CC scores and PAA concentrations were observed for 4 of the 25 measured parameters. TP0 leucine concentrations and TP2 histidine concentrations correlated negatively with CC penalty score, whereas TP1 proline concentrations and TP3 alanine concentrations correlated positively with CC penalty score. These results indicate that higher plasma leucine concentrations may contribute to improved performance in eventing horses. Additionally, alanine and proline show potential as performance-related diagnostic biomarkers.
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Publication Date: 2025-12-17 PubMed ID: 41463924PubMed Central: PMC12729978DOI: 10.3390/ani15243640Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigated how levels of amino acids and their metabolites in horse blood change during cross-country eventing competitions.
  • The research aimed to find associations between these biochemical changes and horses’ performance in competitions.

Background and Purpose

  • Amino acids (AAs) are crucial for muscle metabolism and adaptation during physical exercise.
  • Eventing is a demanding sport combining dressage, cross-country (CC), and show jumping, requiring optimal physical conditioning.
  • Studying plasma amino acid concentrations (PAA) and metabolites like ammonia and urea provides insight into muscle metabolism and fatigue during performance.
  • The study’s goal was to track changes in these blood parameters during CC phases and to identify potential biochemical predictors of competitive success in horses.

Study Design and Methods

  • Participants: 20 eventing horses from nine Warmblood breeds.
  • Duration: 14 international competitions over 23 weeks, capturing 55 rides in total.
  • Sampling Times: Blood was collected at four key stages per competition:
    • TP0 – before the start of the CC ride
    • TP1 – 10 minutes after CC completion
    • TP2 – 30 minutes after completion
    • TP3 – the next morning after the CC ride
  • Analysis: Mixed ANOVA was used to test the effect of calendar week on plasma amino acid concentrations.
  • Correlational analyses were performed between CC performance scores (penalty points representing poorer performance) and amino acid/metabolite concentrations.

Key Findings

  • Significant Changes Over Time:
    • Concentrations of asparagine, ornithine, and proline in plasma changed significantly with time over the competition season.
  • Performance Correlations:
    • Out of 25 measured parameters, 4 showed significant correlations with CC penalty scores.
    • Pre-ride (TP0) leucine concentration was negatively correlated with penalty score, meaning higher leucine was associated with better performance (fewer penalties).
    • Post-ride (TP2) histidine concentration also negatively correlated with penalty score.
    • Proline concentration shortly after the ride (TP1) and alanine concentration the next morning (TP3) correlated positively with penalty score, indicating higher levels were linked with worse performance.

Interpretation and Implications

  • Leucine is an essential amino acid known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and support muscle recovery, which likely underpins its positive association with performance.
  • Higher alanine and proline concentrations after the ride might indicate muscle stress or metabolic fatigue associated with lower performance.
  • Histidine’s role is less clear but the negative correlation suggests it may support muscular endurance or recovery.
  • These amino acids could potentially serve as biomarkers to monitor horse fitness, optimize training, and predict performance outcomes in eventing competitions.
  • Further research could define practical applications for dietary supplementation or exercise programming based on these findings.

Conclusion

  • This study provides evidence that plasma amino acid concentrations fluctuate in eventing horses during competitions and relate to ride outcomes.
  • Leucine levels measured before competition may predict better performance, while alanine and proline post-ride could indicate fatigue or decreased performance capacity.
  • These findings contribute to understanding muscular adaptation in athletic horses and offer potential tools for performance monitoring.

Cite This Article

APA
Reemtsma FP, Giers J, Horstmann S, Stoeckle SD, Gehlen H. (2025). Evaluation of Concentration Changes in Plasma Amino Acids and Their Metabolites in Eventing Horses During Cross-Country Competitions as Potential Performance Predictors. Animals (Basel), 15(24), 3640. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243640

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Issue: 24
PII: 3640

Researcher Affiliations

Reemtsma, Flora Philine
  • Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany.
Giers, Johanna
  • Tierklinik Großmoor, Holzweg 13, 29352 Adelheidsdorf, Germany.
Horstmann, Stephanie
  • German Olympic Committee for Equestrian Sports (DOKR), Freiherr-von-Langen-Straße 15, 48231 Warendorf, Germany.
Stoeckle, Sabita Diana
  • Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany.
Gehlen, Heidrun
  • Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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