Evaluation of enterovirus immune horse serum pools for identification of virus field strains.
Abstract: Immune horse sera to 42 enterovirus immunotypes were pooled according to the Lim Benyesh-Melnick and the "intersecting serum" schemes. Each serum was diluted in the pools to contain 50 antibody units. After it was established that the pools correctly neutralized prototype virus strains, they were evaluated in tests against 273 enterovirus field strains representing most of the viral types included in the pools. With test virus doses of 10-100 TCD(50), most of the poliovirus and coxsackievirus field strains were correctly identified in both schemes, but a number of the echoviruses were neutralized by heterotypic pools, particularly in the Lim Benyesh-Melnick scheme. However, at higher test virus doses of 320-3200 TCD(50), little heterotypic neutralization occurred in either scheme, and 93-94% of the virus field strains were correctly identified in each scheme. With these larger virus doses, breakthrough tended to occur in homologous pools by the 7th day, but rarely by the 5th day. Since the Lim Benyesh-Melnick pool scheme employs 8 pools as compared with 13 for the intersecting serum scheme, and since the two schemes were equally satisfactory for identifying virus field strains at test virus doses of 320-3200 TCD(50), immune horse sera will be pooled by the former scheme, thus utilizing fewer pools, for distribution to qualified viral diagnostic laboratories.
Publication Date: 1971-01-01 PubMed ID: 4335411PubMed Central: PMC2427928
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- Journal Article
Summary
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The research investigates the effectiveness of different pooling schemes of immune horse serum for identifying various strains of enterovirus. Results indicate that both methods have high success rates in correctly detecting viral strains, particularly with larger virus doses, and suggest a preference for the method requiring fewer serum pools.
Research Methods
- The researchers collected immune horse sera (blood plasma) from 42 different types of enterovirus.
- These sera were pooled (combined) according to two different schemes – the Lim Benyesh-Melnick scheme and an intersecting serum scheme.
- Each individual serum was diluted within the pool so that it contained 50 units of antibodies.
- The efficacy of the pooled sera was initially tested with prototype (initial or standard) virus strains to ensure correct neutralization before proceeding against field strains.
Testing and Results
- The pooled sera were tested against 273 enterovirus field strains, which represent a broad range of the virus types included in the serum pools.
- Testing was conducted with varying doses of the virus – between 10-100 TCD(50) as well as larger doses in the range of 320-3200 TCD(50). TCD50 refers to the “Tissue Culture Dose 50” which is essentially the amount of virus necessary to kill 50% of cells in a culture, and it helps in understanding the potency of the virus.
- In smaller doses, most poliovirus and coxsackievirus field strains were correctly identified. However, some echoviruses were incorrectly identified, particularly with the Lim Benyesh-Melnick scheme.
- In larger doses, however, both pooling schemes showed a high level of accurate identification, with few cross-reactions, and 93-94% accuracy. “Breakthrough,” or failure to identify the virus, occurred mostly after 7 days and seldom by the 5th day.
Conclusions and Implications
- Both pooling schemes demonstrated high efficacy, but given that the Lim Benyesh-Melnick scheme uses fewer pools (8 as against 13 in the intersecting serum scheme), it is preferred for operational efficiency.
- These findings have implications for the distribution of immune horse sera to viral diagnostics labs. The researchers suggest pooling sera according to the Lim Benyesh-Melnick scheme for efficiency and high accuracy of virus detection.
Cite This Article
APA
Schmidt NJ, Melnick JL, Wenner HA, Ho HH, Burkhardt MA.
(1971).
Evaluation of enterovirus immune horse serum pools for identification of virus field strains.
Bull World Health Organ, 45(3), 317-330.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Enterovirus / classification
- Enterovirus / immunology
- Evaluation Studies as Topic
- Horses
- Immune Sera / standards
- Neutralization Tests
- Serotyping
References
This article includes 7 references
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- Melnick JL, Hampil B. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera.. Bull World Health Organ 1965;33(6):761-72.
- Hampil B, Melnick JL. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera: second report.. Bull World Health Organ 1968;38(4):577-93.
- Melnick JL, Hampil B. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera. Third report.. Bull World Health Organ 1970;42(6):847-63.
- SCHMIDT NJ, GUENTHER RW, LENNETTE EH. Typing of ECHO virus isolates by immune serum pools. The "intersecting serum scheme".. J Immunol 1961 Nov;87:623-6.
- MIDULLA M, WALLIS C, MELNICK JL. ENTEROVIRUS IMMUNIZING ANTIGENS IN THE FORM OF CATION-STABILIZED AND CONCENTRATED VIRUS PREPARATIONS.. J Immunol 1965 Jul;95:9-12.
- LIM KA, BENYESH-MELNICK M. Typing of viruses by combinations of antiserum pools. Application to typing of enteroviruses (Coxsackie and ECHO).. J Immunol 1960 Mar;84:309-17.
Citations
This article has been cited 12 times.- Hosoya M, Ishiko H, Shimada Y, Honzumi K, Suzuki S, Kato K, Suzuki H. Diagnosis of group A coxsackieviral infection using polymerase chain reaction. Arch Dis Child 2002 Oct;87(4):316-9.
- Kapoor A, Ayyagari A, Dhole TN. Non-polio enteroviruses in acute flaccid paralysis. Indian J Pediatr 2001 Oct;68(10):927-9.
- Bell EJ, Cosgrove BP. Routine enterovirus diagnosis in a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line. Bull World Health Organ 1980;58(3):423-8.
- Patel JR, Daniel J, Mathan M, Mathan VI. Isolation and identification of enteroviruses from faecal samples in a differentiated epithelial cell line (HRT-18) derived from human rectal carcinoma. J Med Virol 1984;14(3):255-61.
- Melnick JL, Hampil B. WHO collaborative studies on enterovirus reference antisera; fourth report. Bull World Health Organ 1973;48(4):381-96.
- Melnick JL, Rennick V, Hampil B, Schmidt NJ, Ho HH. Lyophilized combination pools of enterovirus equine antisera: preparation and test procedures for the identification of field strains of 42 enteroviruses. Bull World Health Organ 1973;48(3):263-8.
- Dömök I, Balayan MS, Fayinka OA, Skrtić N, Soneji AD, Harland PS. Factors affecting the efficacy of live poliovirus vaccine in warm climates. Efficacy of type 1 Sabin vaccine administered together with antihuman gamma-globulin horse serum to breast-fed and artificially fed infants in Uganda. Bull World Health Organ 1974;51(4):333-47.
- Patel JR, Daniel J, Mathan VI. An epidemic of acute diarrhoea in rural southern India associated with echovirus type 11 infection. J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Oct;95(2):483-92.
- Patel JR, Daniel J, Mathan VI. A comparison of the susceptibility of three human gut tumour-derived differentiated epithelial cell lines, primary monkey kidney cells and human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line to 66-prototype strains of human enteroviruses. J Virol Methods 1985 Dec;12(3-4):209-16.
- Peigue-Lafeuille H, Fuchs F, Gharabaghi F, Chambon M, Aymard M. Impact on routine diagnosis of echovirus infections of intratypic differentiation and antigenic variation in echovirus type 25 studied by using monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1990 Oct;28(10):2291-6.
- Erno H. Mycoplasmas: use of polyvalent antisera for identification by indirect immunofluorescence. Acta Vet Scand 1977;18(2):176-86.
- Knowles NJ, Buckley LS, Pereira HG. Classification of porcine enteroviruses by antigenic analysis and cytopathic effects in tissue culture: description of 3 new serotypes. Arch Virol 1979;62(3):201-8.
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