FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire2006; 71(1); 28-33;

Evaluation of equine papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids for the presence of Equine papillomavirus DNA and Papillomavirus antigen.

Abstract: Immunohistochemical (IHC) testing and electron microscopy have implicated Papillomavirus (PV) as the etiologic agent for equine papillomas and aural plaques, but Equine papillomavirus (EPV) DNA has yet to be demonstrated in these lesions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from naturally occurring cases of equine papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids for the presence of EPV DNA by means of PCR and for the presence of PV antigen by means of IHC testing. We used EPV-specific primers that amplified a region of 384 base pairs (bp) spanning the E4 and L2 genes of the EPV genome and consensus PV primers that amplified a 102-bp region of the L1 gene. Group-specific PV structural antigens were detected with the use of a streptavidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase IHC stain. With IHC testing, 23 of 38 papillomas, 4 of 9 aural plaques, and 0 of 10 sarcoids were positive for PV antigen; EPV DNA was found in 20 of the 38 papillomas and 1 of the 10 sarcoids but 0 of the 9 aural plaques. The consensus primers did not amplify novel PV DNA in any of the tissues. Nucleotide sequencing of viral DNA from 7 papillomas amplified with EPV-specific primers revealed DNA fragments that were 96% to 99% identical to known EPV sequences. Some samples had nucleotide substitutions in common, which suggests infection with related strains. Together, EPV DNA or PV antigen (or both) was demonstrated in 26 (68%) of the 38 equine papillomas. Although aural plaques contained PV antigen, they were negative for EPV DNA; therefore, we hypothesize that aural plaques contain a PV distinct from EPV. Papillomavirus E4 L2 L1 (Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier)
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2006-12-30 PubMed ID: 17193879PubMed Central: PMC1635997
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research highlighted in this abstract is focused on ascertaining the presence of Equine papillomavirus (EPV) DNA and Papillomavirus (PV) antigen in equine papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing in horses.

Overview of the Research and its Purpose

  • The research involves using immunohistochemical (IHC) testing to study samples from naturally occurring equine medical conditions – papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids – for the presence of PV antigen and EPV DNA.
  • The research also uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – a widely used method in molecular biology for making multiple copies of a specific DNA segment – to identify EPV DNA in these tissue samples.

Methods Employed

  • The team used EPV-specific primers (short strands of RNA or DNA) to amplify a section of 384 base pairs (bp) that spans the E4 and L2 genes of the EPV genome.
  • The team also used consensus PV primers to amplify a region of 102 base pairs in the L1 gene.
  • A streptavidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase IHC stain was used to detect group-specific PV structural antigens.

Results of the Research

  • Through IHC testing, PV antigen was detected in 23 out of 38 papillomas, 4 out of 9 aural plaques, and none of the 10 studied sarcoids.
  • EPV DNA was discovered in 20 out of the 38 papillomas and 1 out of the 10 sarcoids, but none of the aural plaques.
  • The consensus primers did not result in amplification of novel PV DNA in any of the tissues.
  • When DNA fragments from 7 papillomas were sequenced using EPV-specific primers, the sequences were found to be 96% to 99% identical to known EPV sequences. This suggests that related strains of the virus might be causing the infection.

Conclusion and Hypotheses

  • Either EPV DNA or PV antigen was identified in 26 (68%) of the 38 equine papillomas tested. This would imply a significant presence of these factors in such conditions.
  • Aural plaques held PV antigen but were negative for EPV DNA. This leads to the hypothesis that a PV type different from EPV may be present in aural plaques.

Cite This Article

APA
Postey RC, Appleyard GD, Kidney BA. (2006). Evaluation of equine papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids for the presence of Equine papillomavirus DNA and Papillomavirus antigen. Can J Vet Res, 71(1), 28-33.

Publication

Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire
ISSN: 0830-9000
NlmUniqueID: 8607793
Country: Canada
Language: English
Volume: 71
Issue: 1
Pages: 28-33

Researcher Affiliations

Postey, Rosemary C
  • Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4.
Appleyard, Greg D
    Kidney, Beverly A

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Antigens, Viral / analysis
      • DNA, Viral / isolation & purification
      • Horse Diseases / virology
      • Horses
      • Immunohistochemistry / methods
      • Immunohistochemistry / veterinary
      • Papilloma / veterinary
      • Papilloma / virology
      • Papillomaviridae / isolation & purification
      • Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
      • Skin Neoplasms / veterinary
      • Skin Neoplasms / virology

      References

      This article includes 36 references
      1. Lowy DR, Howley PM. Papillomavirus and their replication. Fields Virology 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:2197–2257.
      2. Lancaster WD, Olson C. Animal papillomaviruses.. Microbiol Rev 1982 Jun;46(2):191-207.
        pmc: PMC281538pubmed: 6289064doi: 10.1128/mr.46.2.191-207.1982google scholar: lookup
      3. O'Banion MK, Reichmann ME, Sundberg JP. Cloning and characterization of an equine cutaneous papillomavirus.. Virology 1986 Jul 15;152(1):100-9.
        pubmed: 3012863doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90375-2google scholar: lookup
      4. Ghim SJ, Rector A, Delius H, Sundberg JP, Jenson AB, Van Ranst M. Equine papillomavirus type 1: complete nucleotide sequence and characterization of recombinant virus-like particles composed of the EcPV-1 L1 major capsid protein.. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 Nov 19;324(3):1108-15.
        pubmed: 15485669doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.154google scholar: lookup
      5. Scott DW, Miller WH. Epithelial neoplasms. Equine Dermatology St. Louis: Saunders, 2003:700–731.
      6. Williams MA. Papillomatosis: warts and aural plaques. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine 4th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997:389–399.
      7. Fulton RE, Doane FW, Macpherson LW. The fine structure of equine papillomas and the equine papilloma virus.. J Ultrastruct Res 1970 Feb;30(3):328-43.
        pubmed: 4313752doi: 10.1016/s0022-5320(70)80066-1google scholar: lookup
      8. COOK RH, OLSON C Jr. Experimental transmission of cutaneous papilloma of the horse.. Am J Pathol 1951 Nov-Dec;27(6):1087-97.
        pmc: PMC1937322pubmed: 14885402
      9. Binninger CE, Piper RC. Hyperplastic dermatitis of the equine ear.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1968 Jul 1;153(1):69-75.
        pubmed: 5690446
      10. Sundberg JP, Junge RE, Lancaster WD. Immunoperoxidase localization of papillomaviruses in hyperplastic and neoplastic epithelial lesions of animals.. Am J Vet Res 1984 Jul;45(7):1441-6.
        pubmed: 24049914
      11. Fairley RA, Haines DM. The electron microscopic and immunohistochemical demonstration of a papillomavirus in equine aural plaques.. Vet Pathol 1992 Jan;29(1):79-81.
        pubmed: 1313614doi: 10.1177/030098589202900110google scholar: lookup
      12. Ragland WL, Keown GH, Spencer GR. Equine sarcoid. Equine Vet J 1970;2:2–11.
      13. Marti E, Lazary S, Antczak DF, Gerber H. Report of the first international workshop on equine sarcoid.. Equine Vet J 1993 Sep;25(5):397-407.
        pubmed: 8223371doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02981.xgoogle scholar: lookup
      14. Ragland WL, Spencer GR. Attempts to relate bovine papilloma virus to the cause of equine sarcoid: equidae inoculated intradermally with bovine papilloma virus.. Am J Vet Res 1969 May;30(5):743-52.
        pubmed: 5813668
      15. Broström H. Equine sarcoids. A clinical and epidemiological study in relation to equine leucocyte antigens (ELA).. Acta Vet Scand 1995;36(2):223-36.
        pmc: PMC8095413pubmed: 7484549doi: 10.1186/bf03547691google scholar: lookup
      16. Amtmann E, Müller H, Sauer G. Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA.. J Virol 1980 Sep;35(3):962-4.
        pmc: PMC288890pubmed: 6252350doi: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.962-964.1980google scholar: lookup
      17. Angelos JA, Marti E, Lazary S, Carmichael LE. Characterization of BPV-like DNA in equine sarcoids.. Arch Virol 1991;119(1-2):95-109.
        pubmed: 1650553doi: 10.1007/bf01314326google scholar: lookup
      18. Teifke JP, Hardt M, Weiss E. Detection of bovine papillomavirus DNA in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded equine sarcoids by polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive in situ hybridization. Eur J Vet Pathol 1994;1:5–10.
      19. Chambers G, Ellsmore VA, O'Brien PM, Reid SWJ, Love S, Campo MS, Nasir L. Association of bovine papillomavirus with the equine sarcoid.. J Gen Virol 2003 May;84(Pt 5):1055-1062.
        pubmed: 12692268doi: 10.1099/vir.0.18947-0google scholar: lookup
      20. Hamada M, Oyamada T, Yoshikawa H, Yoshikawa T, Itakura C. Histopathological development of equine cutaneous papillomas.. J Comp Pathol 1990 May;102(4):393-403.
        pubmed: 2164051doi: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80161-2google scholar: lookup
      21. Goodrich L, Gerber H, Marti E, Antczak DF. Equine sarcoids.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998 Dec;14(3):607-23, vii.
        pubmed: 9891727doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30189-xgoogle scholar: lookup
      22. Kidney BA, Haines DM, Ellis JA, Burnham ML, Teifke JP, Czerwinski G, Jackson ML. Evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from vaccine site-associated sarcomas of cats for papillomavirus DNA and antigen.. Am J Vet Res 2001 Jun;62(6):833-9.
        pubmed: 11400837doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.833google scholar: lookup
      23. Haines DM, Chelack BJ. Technical considerations for developing enzyme immunohistochemical staining procedures on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for diagnostic pathology.. J Vet Diagn Invest 1991 Jan;3(1):101-12.
        pubmed: 2039784doi: 10.1177/104063879100300128google scholar: lookup
      24. Norman GR, Streiner DL. In: Biostatistics. The Bare Essentials. St. Louis: Mosby, 1994:155–156.
      25. Petrie A, Watson P. In: Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science. London: Blackwell Science, 1999:168–181.
      26. Greer CE, Peterson SL, Kiviat NB, Manos MM. PCR amplification from paraffin-embedded tissues. Effects of fixative and fixation time.. Am J Clin Pathol 1991 Feb;95(2):117-24.
        pubmed: 1846996doi: 10.1093/ajcp/95.2.117google scholar: lookup
      27. Rogers BB, Alpert LC, Hine EA, Buffone GJ. Analysis of DNA in fresh and fixed tissue by the polymerase chain reaction.. Am J Pathol 1990 Mar;136(3):541-8.
        pmc: PMC1877479pubmed: 2156429
      28. Quinn ED. Sample preparation. Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies Natick, Massachusetts: Eaton Publishing, 1997:49–60.
      29. Eeles RA, Stamps AC. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The Technique and Its Applications. Austin, Texas: R.G. Landes Company, 1993:1–32.
      30. Shibata D. Preparation of nucleic acids for archival material. The Polymerase Chain Reaction Boston: Birkhauser, 1994:47–54.
      31. Garma-Aviña A, Valli VE, Lumsden JH. Equine congenital cutaneous papillomatosis: a report of 5 cases.. Equine Vet J 1981 Jan;13(1):59-61.
        pubmed: 7238484doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1981.tb03455.xgoogle scholar: lookup
      32. Schueler RL. Congenital equine papillomatosis.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1973 Apr 15;162(8):640.
        pubmed: 4697360
      33. Rickert RR, Maliniak RM. Intralaboratory quality assurance of immunohistochemical procedures. Recommended practices for daily application.. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Jun;113(6):673-9.
        pubmed: 2471487
      34. Campo MS. Animal models of papillomavirus pathogenesis.. Virus Res 2002 Nov;89(2):249-61.
        pubmed: 12445664doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00193-4google scholar: lookup
      35. Johnson PJ. Dermatologic tumors (excluding sarcoids).. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1998 Dec;14(3):625-58, viii.
        pubmed: 9891728doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30190-6google scholar: lookup
      36. Carr EA, Théon AP, Madewell BR, Griffey SM, Hitchcock ME. Bovine papillomavirus DNA in neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues obtained from horses with and without sarcoids in the western United States.. Am J Vet Res 2001 May;62(5):741-4.
        pubmed: 11341396doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.741google scholar: lookup

      Citations

      This article has been cited 5 times.
      1. Maggi R, De Paolis L, De Santis D, Vellone VG, De Ciucis CG, Fruscione F, Mazzocco K, Ghelardi A, Marruchella G, Razzuoli E. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 Infection in an Equine Congenital Papilloma. Pathogens 2023 Aug 18;12(8).
        doi: 10.3390/pathogens12081059pubmed: 37624019google scholar: lookup
      2. Arthurs C, Suarez-Bonnet A, Willis C, Xie B, Machulla N, Mair TS, Cao K, Millar M, Thrasivoulou C, Priestnall SL, Ahmed A. Equine penile squamous cell carcinoma: expression of biomarker proteins and EcPV2. Sci Rep 2020 May 12;10(1):7863.
        doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64014-3pubmed: 32398763google scholar: lookup
      3. Hibi H, Hatama S, Obata A, Shibahara T, Kadota K. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and papilloma associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 in a horse. J Vet Med Sci 2019 Jul 19;81(7):1029-1033.
        doi: 10.1292/jvms.18-0461pubmed: 31167980google scholar: lookup
      4. Dong J, Zhu W, Yamashita N, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Kuwano A, Haga T. Isolation of equine papillomavirus type 1 from racing horse in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Dec 6;79(12):1957-1959.
        doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0322pubmed: 28993549google scholar: lookup
      5. Al-Hammadi MA. First report on equine papillomavirus type 1 in Arabian horses in Saudi Arabia: Clinical, histopathological, and molecular characterization. Open Vet J 2025 Apr;15(4):1798-1802.
        doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i4.32pubmed: 40453856google scholar: lookup
      Subscribe to our newsletter
      Join 99,850 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.