FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Evaluation of Gastric pH and Gastrin Concentrations in Horse...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2024; 14(8); 1183; doi: 10.3390/ani14081183

Evaluation of Gastric pH and Gastrin Concentrations in Horses Subjected to General Inhalation Anesthesia in Dorsal Recumbency.

Abstract: The prevalence of gastric disorders in high-performance horses, especially gastric ulceration, ranges from 50 to 90%. These pathological conditions have negative impacts on athletic performance and health. This study was designed to evaluate changes in gastric pH during a 24 h period and to compare gastrin concentrations at different time points in horses undergoing general inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency. Twenty-two mixed-breed mares weighing 400 ± 50 kg and aged 8 ± 2 years were used. Of these, eight were fasted for 8 h and submitted to 90 min of general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency. Gastric juice samples were collected prior to anesthesia (T0), and then at 15 min intervals during anesthesia (T15-T90). After recovery from anesthesia (45 ± 1 min), samples were collected every hour for 24 h (T1 to T24) for gastric juice pH measurement. During this period, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water and were fed a commercial concentrate twice (T4 and T16). In a second group (control), four non-anesthetized mares were submitted to 8 h of fasting followed by nasogastric intubation. Gastric juice samples were then collected at T0, T15, T30, T45, T60, T75, and T90. During this period, mares did not receive food or water. After 45 min, mares had free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, and gastric juice samples were collected every hour for four hours (T1 to T4). In a third group comprising ten non-fasted, non-anesthetized mares with free access to Bermuda grass hay and water, gastric juice samples were collected 30 min after concentrate intake (T0). In anesthetized mares, blood gastrin levels were measured prior to anesthesia (8 h fasting; baseline), during recovery from anesthesia, and 4 months after the anesthetic procedure, 90 min after the morning meal. Mean values of gastric juice pH remained acidic during general anesthesia. Mean pH values were within the physiological range (4.52 ± 1.69) and did not differ significantly between time points (T15-T90;  >  0.05). After recovery from anesthesia, mean gastric pH values increased and remained in the alkaline range throughout the 24 h period of evaluation. Significant differences were observed between T0 (4.88 ± 2.38), T5 (7.08 ± 0.89), T8 (7.43 ± 0.22), T9 (7.28 ± 0.36), T11 (7.26 ± 0.71), T13 (6.74 ± 0.90), and T17 (6.94 ± 1.04) (  <  0.05). The mean gastric juice pH ranged from weakly acidic to neutral or weakly alkaline in all groups, regardless of food and water intake (i.e., in the fasted, non-fasted, and fed states). Mean gastric pH measured in the control group did not differ from values measured during the 24 h post-anesthesia period or in the non-fasted group. Gastrin concentrations increased significantly during the post-anesthetic period compared to baseline (20.15 ± 7.65 pg/mL and 15.15 ± 3.82 pg/mL respectively;  <  0.05). General inhalation anesthesia and dorsal recumbency did not affect gastric juice pH, which remained acidic and within the physiological range. Gastric juice pH was weakly alkaline after recovery from anesthesia and in the fasted and fed states. Serum gastrin levels increased in response to general inhalation anesthesia in dorsal recumbency and were not influenced by fasting. Preventive pharmacological measures are not required in horses submitted to general anesthesia and dorsal recumbency.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2024-04-15 PubMed ID: 38672331PubMed Central: PMC11047614DOI: 10.3390/ani14081183Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigates how inhalation anesthesia given to horses in a lying down position impacts stomach acid levels and gastrin concentrations. The findings suggest that anesthesia and the lying down position do not contribute to changes in gastric acidity but do result in heightened levels of gastrin, a hormone that stimulates acid production in the stomach.

Study Design and Groups

  • The study comprised of 22 mares that were used for three separate experimental groups.
  • The first group (eight mares) fasted for eight hours then underwent 90 minutes of inhalation anesthesia in a lying down position. Gastric juice samples were taken before anesthesia and every 15 minutes during anesthesia, and hourly for the subsequent 24 hours.
  • The second group (four non-anesthetized mares) fasted for eight hours and had gastric juices sampled at specific intervals over a period of four hours.
  • The third group (ten non-fasted, non-anesthetized mares) had free access to food and water. Gastric juice samples were taken 30 minutes after eating.

Findings on Gastric pH and Gastrin Levels

  • Throughout the anesthesia, the gastric pH values stayed acidic and within a normal physiological range.
  • After recovery from anesthesia, gastric pH values increased, indicating an alkaline environment for the 24-hour measurement period.
  • It was found that the average gastric pH varied from mildly acidic to neutral or weakly alkaline across all groups, regardless of food and water intake.
  • Gastrin levels in the anesthetized horses significantly increased during recovery from anesthesia compared to the levels before anesthesia was administered.

Implication of Findings

  • The results reveal that anesthesia and the lying down position do not alter gastric juice acidity in horses.
  • However, inhalation anesthesia appeared to cause an increase in serum gastrin concentrations during recovery, implying that the horses’ bodies were attempting to compensate for changes in stomach pH during the recovery period.
  • Despite these findings showing an increase in gastrin concentrations during the recovery phase, levels of this hormone were not influenced by fasting.
  • The research concluded that there is no need for preventive pharmaceutical measures for horses undergoing inhalation anesthesia in a dorsal recumbency position.

Cite This Article

APA
Guerrero JLS, Brito PHS, Ferreira MA, Arantes JA, Rusch E, Oliveira BVDS, Velasco-Bolaños J, Carregaro AB, Dória RGS. (2024). Evaluation of Gastric pH and Gastrin Concentrations in Horses Subjected to General Inhalation Anesthesia in Dorsal Recumbency. Animals (Basel), 14(8), 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081183

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 8
PII: 1183

Researcher Affiliations

Guerrero, Jesus Leonardo Suarez
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Brito, Pedro Henrique Salles
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Ferreira, Marília Alves
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Arantes, Julia de Assis
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Rusch, Elidiane
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Oliveira, Brenda Valéria Dos Santos
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Velasco-Bolaños, Juan
  • Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Agropecuarias (Group GIsCA), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira 660003, Colombia.
  • Research Group Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinária (CLEV), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Colombia.
Carregaro, Adriano Bonfim
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
Dória, Renata Gebara Sampaio
  • Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), 225 Duque de Caxias Norte Avenue, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.

Grant Funding

  • 2023/13378-8 and 2020/09633-0 / Fundau00e7u00e3o de Amparo u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Su00e3o Paulo
  • 309701/2022-8 / National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
  • Finance Code 001 / Coordenau00e7u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nu00edvel Superior

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

This article includes 44 references
  1. Camacho-Luna P, Buchanan B, Andrews FM. Advances in Diagnostics and Treatments in Horses and Foals with Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers. Vet. Clin. Equine Pract. 2018;34:97–111.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.007pubmed: 29534810google scholar: lookup
  2. Buchanan BR, Andrews FM. Treatment and prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Vet. Clin. Equine Pract. 2003;19:575–597.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2003.08.012pubmed: 14740758google scholar: lookup
  3. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Beldomenico P, Aleman M, Kerr JW, Spier SJ. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses—A preliminary report. Vet. J. 2004;167:33–37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.09.005pubmed: 14623148google scholar: lookup
  4. van den Boom R. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses. Vet. J. 2022;283–284:105830.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105830pubmed: 35472513google scholar: lookup
  5. Baker SJ, Johnson PJ, David A, Cook CR. Idiopathic gastroesophageal reflux disease in an adult horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2004;224:1967–1970+1931.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2004.224.1967pubmed: 15230453google scholar: lookup
  6. Hani AC, Galindo A, Leguizamo A, Maldonado C, Páramo D, Costa V, Sierra F, Torres Amaya M, Pardo R, Otero W. Guía de práctica clínica para la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. Rev. Colomb. Gastroenterol. 2015;30:1–8.
  7. Rubenstein JH, Chen JW. Epidemiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gastroenterol. Clin. 2014;43:1–14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2013.11.006pubmed: 24503355google scholar: lookup
  8. Rojas Díaz RO, Pérez Sosa JA, Contreras Ruiz Velasco R. Reflujo duodenogástrico. Definición y diagnóstico. Cir. Gen. 2015;37:3–4.
    doi: 10.35366/65754pubmed: 28736451google scholar: lookup
  9. Suárez Parga JM, Erdozaín Sosa JC, Comas Redondo CVPR. Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesofágico: Tratamiento. Prensa Med. Argent. 1999;23:97–103.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00400.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  10. Boscan P, Cochran S, Monnet E, Webb C, Twedt D. Effect of prolonged general anesthesia with sevoflurane and laparoscopic surgery on gastric and small bowel propulsive motility and pH in dogs. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2014;41:73–81.
    doi: 10.1111/vaa.12093pubmed: 24127667google scholar: lookup
  11. Brosnahan MM, Holbrook TC, Gilliam LL, Ritchey JW, Confer AW. Intra-abdominal hypertension in two adult horses. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. 2009;19:174–180.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2009.00400.xpubmed: 19691568google scholar: lookup
  12. Andrews FM, Jenkins CC, Frazier D, Blackford JT. Gastric secretion in foals: Measurement by nasogastric intubation with constant infusion and aspiration. Equine Vet. J. 1992;24:75–79.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1992.tb04792.xpubmed: 0google scholar: lookup
  13. Baker S, Gerring E, Fox M. Twenty-four hour gastric pH monitoring and blood gastrin concentrations in fasted ponies. Res. Vet. Sci. 1993;55:261–264.
    doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90091-Spubmed: 8235097google scholar: lookup
  14. Garcia R, Belafsky P, Della Maggiore A, Osborn J, Pypendop B, Pierce T, Walker V, Fulton A, Marks S. Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Cats During Anesthesia and Effect of Omeprazole on Gastric pH. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2017;31:734–742.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14704pmc: PMC5435072pubmed: 28425145google scholar: lookup
  15. Young DW, Smyth GB. Validation of a radioimmunoassay for measurement of gastrin in equine serum. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1988;49:1179–1183.
    pubmed: 3421540
  16. Aranzales JRM, Alves GES. O estômago equino: Agressão e mecanismos de defesa da mucosa. Cienc. Rural. 2013;43:305–313.
    doi: 10.1590/S0103-84782013000200018google scholar: lookup
  17. Hunt RH. Importance of pH Control in the Management of GERD. Arch. Intern. Med. 1999;159:649–657.
    doi: 10.1001/archinte.159.7.649pubmed: 10218743google scholar: lookup
  18. Murray MJ, Schusser GF. Measurement of 24-h gastric pH using an indwelling pH electrode in horses unfed, fed and treated with ranitidine. Equine Vet. J. 1993;25:417–421.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02983.xpubmed: 8223373google scholar: lookup
  19. Padalino B, Davis GL, Raidal SL. Effects of transportation on gastric pH and gastric ulceration in mares. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2020;34:922–932.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15698pmc: PMC7096603pubmed: 32009244google scholar: lookup
  20. Damkel C, Snyder A, Uhlig A, Coenen M, Schusser GF. Impact of diet on 24-hour intragastric pH profile in healthy horses. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 2015;128:345–349.
    pubmed: 26591378
  21. Lorenzo-Figueras M, Merritt AM. Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2002;63:1481–1487.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1481pubmed: 12428654google scholar: lookup
  22. Schauvliege S, Binetti A, Duchateau L, van Dijk JJ, Gasthuys F. Cardiorespiratory effects of a 7° reverse Trendelenburg position in anaesthetized horses: A randomized clinical trial. Vet. Anaesth. Analg. 2018;45:648–657.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.03.011pubmed: 30082180google scholar: lookup
  23. Salciccia A, Gougnard A, Grulke S, de Pouyade GD, Libertiaux V, Busoni V, Sandersen C, Serteyn D. Gastrointestinal effects of general anaesthesia in horses undergoing non abdominal surgery: Focus on the clinical parameters and ultrasonographic images. Res. Vet. Sci. 2019;124:123–128.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.03.011pubmed: 30884328google scholar: lookup
  24. de Paula VB, Canola PA, Rivera GG, Bonacin YS, Del Rio LA, Canola JC, Ferraudo AS. Intra-abdominal Pressure Screening of Horses With Colic. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2020;90:102998.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102998pubmed: 32534775google scholar: lookup
  25. Lambertini C, Pietra M, Galiazzo G, Torresan F, Pinna S, Pisoni L, Romagnoli N. Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Dogs Undergoing Orthopaedic Surgery or Endoscopic Evaluation of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. Vet. Sci. 2020;7:144.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci7040144pmc: PMC7712663pubmed: 32992677google scholar: lookup
  26. Muir WW. Chapter 10-Anxiolytics, Nonopioid Sedative-Analgesics, and Opioid Analgesics. 2009. In: Muir WW, Hubbell JAE, editors. Equine Anesth. 2nd ed. W.B. Saunders; Saint Louis, MO, USA: pp. 185–209.
    doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-2326-5.00010-9google scholar: lookup
  27. McCabe ME, Dilly CK. New Causes for the Old Problem of Bile Reflux Gastritis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018;16:1389–1392.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.02.034pubmed: 29505908google scholar: lookup
  28. Sandin A, Andrews FM, Nadeau J, Nilsson G. Effect of nervous excitation on acid secretion in horses. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2000;168:437–442.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00682.xpubmed: 10712582google scholar: lookup
  29. Sutton DGM, Preston T, Christley RM, Cohen ND, Love S, Roussel AJ. The effects of xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine and butorphanol on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate. Equine Vet. J. 2002;34:486–492.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776117818pubmed: 12358052google scholar: lookup
  30. Kitchen DL, Burrow JA, Heartless CS, Merritt AM. Effect of pyloric blockade and infusion of histamine or pentagastrin on gastric secretion in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000;61:1133–1139.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1133pubmed: 10976748google scholar: lookup
  31. Cruz AM, Li R, Kenney DG, Monteith G. Effects of indwelling nasogastric intubation on gastric emptying of a liquid marker in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2006;67:1100–1104.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1100pubmed: 16817727google scholar: lookup
  32. Londong W, Angerer M, Bosch R, Koelzow H. Standardization of Electrode Positioning and Composition of Meals for Long-Term Intragastric pH Metry in Man. Dig. Dis. 1990;8((Suppl. S1)):46–53.
    doi: 10.1159/000171279pubmed: 2225519google scholar: lookup
  33. Albanese V, Munsterman A, Klohnen A. Prevalence of Gastric Ulceration in Horses with Enterolithiasis Compared with Horses with Simple Large Intestinal Obstruction. Vet. Sci. 2022;9:587.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci9110587pmc: PMC9698009pubmed: 36356064google scholar: lookup
  34. Murray MJ, Grodinsky C, Anderson CW, Radue PF, Schmidt GR. Gastric ulcers in horses: A comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs. Equine Vet. J. 1989;21:68–72.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb05659.xpubmed: 9118110google scholar: lookup
  35. Lorenzo-Figueras M, Morisset SM, Morisset J, Lainé J, Merritt AM. Digestive enzyme concentrations and activities in healthy pancreatic tissue of horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2007;68:1070–1072.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.10.1070pubmed: 17916012google scholar: lookup
  36. Wickens CL, McCall CA, Bursian S, Hanson R, Heleski CR, Liesman JS, McElhenney WH, Trottier NL. Assessment of Gastric Ulceration and Gastrin Response in Horses with History of Crib-Biting. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2013;33:739–745.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.12.004google scholar: lookup
  37. Campbell-Thompson ML, Merritt AM. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in young horses. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 1990;259:R1259–R1266.
    doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1990.259.6.R1259pubmed: 2260736google scholar: lookup
  38. Norlén P, Kitano M, Lindström E, Håkanson R. Anaesthetic agents inhibit gastrin-stimulated but not basal histamine release from rat stomach ECL cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000;130:725–730.
    doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703347pmc: PMC1572120pubmed: 10864877google scholar: lookup
  39. Norlén P, Ericsson P, Kitano M, Ekelund M, Håkanson R. The vagus regulates histamine mobilization from rat stomach ECL cells by controlling their sensitivity to gastrin. J. Physiol. 2005;564:895–905.
    doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.082677pmc: PMC1464455pubmed: 15746169google scholar: lookup
  40. Schusser GF, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Plasma gastrin levels in horses with colic. Tierarztl. Prax. 1992;20:395–398.
    pubmed: 1412432
  41. Fykse V, Solligard E, Bendheim MO, Chen D, Gronbech JE, Sandvik AK, Waldum HL. ECL cell histamine mobilization and parietal cell stimulation in the rat stomach studied by microdialysis and electron microscopy. Acta Physiol. 2006;186:37–43.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2005.01504.xpubmed: 16497178google scholar: lookup
  42. Johnsen AH, Sandin A, Rourke IJ, Bundgaard JR, Nilsson G, Rehfeld JF. Unique progastrin processing in equine G-cells suggests marginal tyrosyl sulfotransferase activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 1998;255:432–438.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2550432.xpubmed: 9716385google scholar: lookup
  43. Marambio A, Watkins G, Jans J. Gastrina: Hormona de múltiples funciones. Rev. Hosp. Clín. Univ. Chile. 2012;23:139–186.
  44. Wilson AD, Badnell-Waters AJ, Bice R, Kelland A, Harris PA, Nicol CJ. The effects of diet on blood glucose, insulin, gastrin and the serum tryptophan: Large neutral amino acid ratio in foals. Vet. J. 2007;174:139–146.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.05.024pubmed: 16945560google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.