FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Veterinary research2011; 42(1); 23; doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23

Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) infection remains a significant problem despite the widespread use of vaccines. The inability to generate a protective immune response to EHV-1 vaccination or infection is thought to be due to immunomodulatory properties of the virus, and the ORF1 and ORF2 gene products have been hypothesized as potential candidates with immunoregulatory properties. A pony infection study was performed to define immune responses to EHV-1, and to determine if an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant (ΔORF1/2) would have different disease and immunoregulatory effects compared to wild type EHV-1 (WT). Infection with either virus led to cytokine responses that coincided with the course of clinical disease, particularly the biphasic pyrexia, which correlates with respiratory disease and viremia, respectively. Similarly, both viruses caused suppression of proliferative T-cell responses on day 7 post infection (pi). The ΔORF1/ORF2 virus caused significantly shorter primary pyrexia and significantly reduced nasal shedding, and an attenuated decrease in PBMC IL-8 as well as increased Tbet responses compared to WT-infected ponies. In conclusion, our findings are (i) that infection of ponies with EHV-1 leads to modulation of immune responses, which are correlated with disease pathogenesis, and (ii) that the ORF1/2 genes are of importance for disease outcome and modulation of cytokine responses.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2011-02-07 PubMed ID: 21314906PubMed Central: PMC3045331DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-23Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support
  • U.S. Gov't
  • Non-P.H.S.

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article explores the immune responses in ponies following an infection with a variant of Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) that has had its ORF1 and ORF2 genes removed. The results indicate that these deleted genes significantly affect disease outcome and the response of the immune system.

Investigation into EHV-1

  • The researchers approached the persistent problem of EHV-1 in ponies by studying the immune responses following an infection with a modified variant of the virus. This variant had its suspected immunoregulatory genes, ORF1 and ORF2, removed.
  • With the widespread use of vaccines, EHV-1 continues to persist as a significant issue. The hypothesis is that the virus possesses immunomodulatory properties that prevent a protective immune response either from the vaccine or from prior infection. The ORF1 and ORF2 genes have been identified as possible candidates with these immune-regulating properties.

Understanding immune responses to EHV-1

  • An infection study with ponies was conducted to lay out the exact immune responses following an EHV-1 infection and to see if the ORF1/2-deleted variant had different impacts on disease progression and immune regulation compared to the wild version of the virus.
  • With either virus, cytokine responses occurred alongside the clinical disease course, specifically the biphasic pyrexia—a fever that correlates with respiratory disease and viremia. Both the ORF1/2-deleted virus and its wild-type counterpart also suppressed the proliferation of T-cells on the 7th day after infection.

Importance of ORF1/2 in disease outcomes and immune response

  • The ORF1/2-deleted variant of the virus caused a significantly shorter primary fever and less nasal shedding than the wild type. This variant also experienced a decreased decrease in IL-8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and increased Tbet responses compared to those ponies infected with the wild type.
  • The results suggest that the ORF1/2 genes hold substantial importance in disease outcomes and in modulating cytokine responses. Ultimately, the study concludes that infection of ponies with EHV-1 leads to immune response modulation, correlates with disease pathogenesis, and shows the regulatory importance of ORF1/2 genes.

Cite This Article

APA
Soboll Hussey G, Hussey SB, Wagner B, Horohov DW, Van de Walle GR, Osterrieder N, Goehring LS, Rao S, Lunn DP. (2011). Evaluation of immune responses following infection of ponies with an EHV-1 ORF1/2 deletion mutant. Vet Res, 42(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-42-23

Publication

Veterinary research
ISSN: 1297-9716
NlmUniqueID: 9309551
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 42
Issue: 1
Pages: 23

Researcher Affiliations

Soboll Hussey, Gisela
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W, Drake Rd, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. husseygs@colostate.edu.
Hussey, Stephen B
    Wagner, Bettina
      Horohov, David W
        Van de Walle, Gerlinde R
          Osterrieder, Nikolaus
            Goehring, Lutz S
              Rao, Sangeeta
                Lunn, David P

                  MeSH Terms

                  • Adaptive Immunity
                  • Animals
                  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
                  • Cytokines / blood
                  • Cytokines / genetics
                  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
                  • Female
                  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
                  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
                  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
                  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
                  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
                  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / metabolism
                  • Horse Diseases / immunology
                  • Horse Diseases / virology
                  • Horses
                  • Immunity, Innate
                  • Male
                  • Nasal Mucosa / virology
                  • RNA, Messenger / analysis
                  • Random Allocation
                  • Viral Proteins / genetics
                  • Viral Proteins / metabolism
                  • Viremia / immunology
                  • Viremia / veterinary
                  • Viremia / virology
                  • Virus Shedding

                  References

                  This article includes 41 references
                  1. Allen GP, Kydd JH, Slater JD, Smith KC. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections. Infectious Diseases of Livestock Vol. 2, pp. 829–859, 2004.
                  2. Kydd JH, Wattrang E, Hannant D. Pre-infection frequencies of equine herpesvirus-1 specific, cytotoxic T lymphocytes correlate with protection against abortion following experimental infection of pregnant mares.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Dec 15;96(3-4):207-17.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.004pubmed: 14592733google scholar: lookup
                  3. Soboll G, Horohov DW, Aldridge BM, Olsen CW, McGregor MW, Drape RJ, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. Regional antibody and cellular immune responses to equine influenza virus infection, and particle mediated DNA vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Jul 15;94(1-2):47-62.
                    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00060-6pubmed: 12842611google scholar: lookup
                  4. Allen GP. Risk factors for development of neurologic disease after experimental exposure to equine herpesvirus-1 in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Dec;69(12):1595-600.
                    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1595pubmed: 19046006google scholar: lookup
                  5. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system.. Science 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):291-5.
                    doi: 10.1126/science.1183021pmc: PMC3645875pubmed: 20075244google scholar: lookup
                  6. Van de Walle GR, Jarosinski KW, Osterrieder N. Alphaherpesviruses and chemokines: pas de deux not yet brought to perfection.. J Virol 2008 Jul;82(13):6090-7.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00098-08pmc: PMC2447056pubmed: 18385255google scholar: lookup
                  7. Ambagala APN, Gopinath RS, Srikumaran S. Peptide transport activity of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is inhibited by an early protein of equine herpesvirus-1.. J Gen Virol 2004 Feb;85(Pt 2):349-353.
                    doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19563-0pubmed: 14769892google scholar: lookup
                  8. Van de Walle GR, Goupil R, Wishon C, Damiani A, Perkins GA, Osterrieder N. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in a herpesvirus DNA polymerase is sufficient to cause lethal neurological disease.. J Infect Dis 2009 Jul 1;200(1):20-5.
                    doi: 10.1086/599316pubmed: 19456260google scholar: lookup
                  9. Favoreel HW, Van Minnebruggen G, Van de Walle GR, Ficinska J, Nauwynck HJ. Herpesvirus interference with virus-specific antibodies: bridging antibodies, internalizing antibodies, and hiding from antibodies.. Vet Microbiol 2006 Mar 31;113(3-4):257-63.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.003pubmed: 16326036google scholar: lookup
                  10. Van de Walle GR, May ML, Sukhumavasi W, von Einem J, Osterrieder N. Herpesvirus chemokine-binding glycoprotein G (gG) efficiently inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo.. J Immunol 2007 Sep 15;179(6):4161-9.
                    pubmed: 17785855doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4161google scholar: lookup
                  11. Koppers-Lalic D, Reits EA, Ressing ME, Lipinska AD, Abele R, Koch J, Marcondes Rezende M, Admiraal P, van Leeuwen D, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Mettenleiter TC, Rijsewijk FA, Tampé R, Neefjes J, Wiertz EJ. Varicelloviruses avoid T cell recognition by UL49.5-mediated inactivation of the transporter associated with antigen processing.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Apr 5;102(14):5144-9.
                    doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501463102pmc: PMC555605pubmed: 15793001google scholar: lookup
                  12. van der Meulen KM, Favoreel HW, Pensaert MB, Nauwynck HJ. Immune escape of equine herpesvirus 1 and other herpesviruses of veterinary importance.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):31-40.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.006pubmed: 16472872google scholar: lookup
                  13. Nugent J, Birch-Machin I, Smith KC, Mumford JA, Swann Z, Newton JR, Bowden RJ, Allen GP, Davis-Poynter N. Analysis of equid herpesvirus 1 strain variation reveals a point mutation of the DNA polymerase strongly associated with neuropathogenic versus nonneuropathogenic disease outbreaks.. J Virol 2006 Apr;80(8):4047-60.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.8.4047-4060.2006pmc: PMC1440451pubmed: 16571821google scholar: lookup
                  14. Goodman LB, Loregian A, Perkins GA, Nugent J, Buckles EL, Mercorelli B, Kydd JH, Palù G, Smith KC, Osterrieder N, Davis-Poynter N. A point mutation in a herpesvirus polymerase determines neuropathogenicity.. PLoS Pathog 2007 Nov;3(11):e160.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030160pmc: PMC2065875pubmed: 17997600google scholar: lookup
                  15. Rosas CT, Goodman LB, von Einem J, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesvirus type 1 modified live virus vaccines: quo vaditis?. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006 Feb;5(1):119-31.
                    doi: 10.1586/14760584.5.1.119pubmed: 16451114google scholar: lookup
                  16. Van de Walle GR, May MA, Peters ST, Metzger SM, Rosas CT, Osterrieder N. A vectored equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) vaccine elicits protective immune responses against EHV-1 and H3N8 equine influenza virus.. Vaccine 2010 Jan 22;28(4):1048-55.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.123pubmed: 19897066google scholar: lookup
                  17. Goodman LB, Wagner B, Flaminio MJ, Sussman KH, Metzger SM, Holland R, Osterrieder N. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1).. Vaccine 2006 Apr 24;24(17):3636-45.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.062pubmed: 16513225google scholar: lookup
                  18. Goehring LS, Wagner B, Bigbie R, Hussey SB, Rao S, Morley PS, Lunn DP. Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines.. Vaccine 2010 Jul 19;28(32):5203-11.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.065pubmed: 20538091google scholar: lookup
                  19. Osterrieder N, Neubauer A, Brandmüller C, Kaaden OR, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus 1 IR6 protein that colocalizes with nuclear lamins is involved in nucleocapsid egress and migrates from cell to cell independently of virus infection.. J Virol 1998 Dec;72(12):9806-17.
                    pmc: PMC110492pubmed: 9811716doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9806-9817.1998google scholar: lookup
                  20. Osterrieder N, Neubauer A, Brandmüller C, Kaaden OR, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus 1 IR6 protein influences virus growth at elevated temperature and is a major determinant of virulence.. Virology 1996 Dec 15;226(2):243-51.
                    doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0652pubmed: 8955044google scholar: lookup
                  21. Osterrieder N, Holden VR, Brandmüller C, Neubauer A, Kaaden OR, O'Callaghan DJ. The equine herpesvirus 1 IR6 protein is nonessential for virus growth in vitro and modified by serial virus passage in cell culture.. Virology 1996 Mar 15;217(2):442-51.
                    doi: 10.1006/viro.1996.0138pubmed: 8610435google scholar: lookup
                  22. Rudolph J, Osterrieder N. Equine herpesvirus type 1 devoid of gM and gp2 is severely impaired in virus egress but not direct cell-to-cell spread.. Virology 2002 Feb 15;293(2):356-67.
                    doi: 10.1006/viro.2001.1277pubmed: 11886256google scholar: lookup
                  23. von Einem J, Wellington J, Whalley JM, Osterrieder K, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. The truncated form of glycoprotein gp2 of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) vaccine strain KyA is not functionally equivalent to full-length gp2 encoded by EHV-1 wild-type strain RacL11.. J Virol 2004 Mar;78(6):3003-13.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.6.3003-3013.2004pmc: PMC353745pubmed: 14990719google scholar: lookup
                  24. von Einem J, Smith PM, Van de Walle GR, O'Callaghan DJ, Osterrieder N. In vitro and in vivo characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) mutants devoid of the viral chemokine-binding glycoprotein G (gG).. Virology 2007 May 25;362(1):151-62.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.12.008pubmed: 17250864google scholar: lookup
                  25. Soboll G, Breathnach CC, Kydd JH, Hussey SB, Mealey RM, Lunn DP. Vaccination of ponies with the IE gene of EHV-1 in a recombinant modified live vaccinia vector protects against clinical and virological disease.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 May 15;135(1-2):108-117.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.11.009pubmed: 20018383google scholar: lookup
                  26. Hussey SB, Clark R, Lunn KF, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley JM, Lunn DP. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006 Jul;18(4):335-42.
                    pubmed: 16921871doi: 10.1177/104063870601800403google scholar: lookup
                  27. Breathnach CC, Rudersdorf R, Lunn DP. Use of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors for equine influenza vaccination.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004 Apr;98(3-4):127-36.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.11.004pubmed: 15010222google scholar: lookup
                  28. Soboll G, Hussey SB, Whalley JM, Allen GP, Koen MT, Santucci N, Fraser DG, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Lunn DP. Antibody and cellular immune responses following DNA vaccination and EHV-1 infection of ponies.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):81-95.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.011pubmed: 16549215google scholar: lookup
                  29. Equine Immunology Resource Page. http://www.ca.uky.edu/Gluck/HorohovDW_EIRClonedCytokines.asp
                  30. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.. Methods 2001 Dec;25(4):402-8.
                    doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262pubmed: 11846609google scholar: lookup
                  31. Luminex Technology. http://www.luminexcorp.com
                  32. Wagner B, Freer H. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009 Feb 15;127(3-4):242-8.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.313pubmed: 19027964google scholar: lookup
                  33. Lunn DP, Holmes MA, Antczak DF, Agerwal N, Baker J, Bendali-Ahcene S, Blanchard-Channell M, Byrne KM, Cannizzo K, Davis W, Hamilton MJ, Hannant D, Kondo T, Kydd JH, Monier MC, Moore PF, O'Neil T, Schram BR, Sheoran A, Stott JL, Sugiura T, Vagnoni KE. Report of the Second Equine Leucocyte Antigen Workshop, Squaw valley, California, July 1995.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998 Mar 31;62(2):101-43.
                    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00160-8pubmed: 9638857google scholar: lookup
                  34. Zhang Y, Smith PM, Frampton AR, Osterrieder N, Jennings SR, O'Callaghan DJ. Cytokine profiles and long-term virus-specific antibodies following immunization of CBA mice with equine herpesvirus 1 and viral glycoprotein D.. Viral Immunol 2003;16(3):307-20.
                    doi: 10.1089/088282403322396118pubmed: 14583146google scholar: lookup
                  35. Charan S, Palmer K, Chester P, Mire-Sluis AR, Meager A, Edington N. Transforming growth factor-beta induced by live or ultraviolet-inactivated equid herpes virus type-1 mediates immunosuppression in the horse.. Immunology 1997 Apr;90(4):586-91.
                    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00202.xpmc: PMC1456683pubmed: 9176113google scholar: lookup
                  36. Paillot R, Daly JM, Luce R, Montesso F, Davis-Poynter N, Hannant D, Kydd JH. Frequency and phenotype of EHV-1 specific, IFN-gamma synthesising lymphocytes in ponies: the effects of age, pregnancy and infection.. Dev Comp Immunol 2007;31(2):202-14.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.05.010pubmed: 16824599google scholar: lookup
                  37. Paillot R, Daly JM, Juillard V, Minke JM, Hannant D, Kydd JH. Equine interferon gamma synthesis in lymphocytes after in vivo infection and in vitro stimulation with EHV-1.. Vaccine 2005 Aug 22;23(36):4541-51.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.03.048pubmed: 15913852google scholar: lookup
                  38. Allen G, Yeargan M, Costa LR, Cross R. Major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in horses infected with equine herpesvirus 1.. J Virol 1995 Jan;69(1):606-12.
                    pmc: PMC188619pubmed: 7983765doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.1.606-612.1995google scholar: lookup
                  39. Coombs DK, Patton T, Kohler AK, Soboll G, Breathnach C, Townsend HG, Lunn DP. Cytokine responses to EHV-1 infection in immune and non-immune ponies.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006 May 15;111(1-2):109-16.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.01.013pubmed: 16473413google scholar: lookup
                  40. Hannant D, Jessett DM, O'Neill T, Dolby CA, Cook RF, Mumford JA. Responses of ponies to equid herpesvirus-1 ISCOM vaccination and challenge with virus of the homologous strain.. Res Vet Sci 1993 May;54(3):299-305.
                    doi: 10.1016/0034-5288(93)90126-Zpubmed: 8393207google scholar: lookup
                  41. Platt R, Sponseller BA, Chiang YW, Roth JA. Cell-mediated immunity evaluation in foals infected with virulent equine herpesvirus-1 by multi-parameter flow cytometry.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010 Jun 15;135(3-4):275-81.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.12.010pubmed: 20116862google scholar: lookup

                  Citations

                  This article has been cited 25 times.
                  1. Zarski LM, Vaala WE, Barnett DC, Bain FT, Soboll Hussey G. A Live-Attenuated Equine Influenza Vaccine Stimulates Innate Immunity in Equine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures That Could Provide Protection From Equine Herpesvirus 1. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:674850.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.674850pubmed: 34179166google scholar: lookup
                  2. Laval K, Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Zhao J, Vandekerckhove AP, Gryspeerdt AC, Garré B, van der Meulen K, Baghi HB, Dubale HN, Zarak I, Van Crombrugge E, Nauwynck HJ. The Pathogenesis and Immune Evasive Mechanisms of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021;12:662686.
                    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.662686pubmed: 33746936google scholar: lookup
                  3. Zarski LM, Giessler KS, Jacob SI, Weber PSD, McCauley AG, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Identification of Host Factors Associated with the Development of Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy by Transcriptomic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Horses. Viruses 2021 Feb 24;13(3).
                    doi: 10.3390/v13030356pubmed: 33668216google scholar: lookup
                  4. Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Lee Y, Soboll Hussey G. Transcriptomic Profiling of Equine and Viral Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Horses during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection. Pathogens 2021 Jan 7;10(1).
                    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10010043pubmed: 33430330google scholar: lookup
                  5. Pavulraj S, Kamel M, Stephanowitz H, Liu F, Plendl J, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Modulates Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles of Mononuclear Cells for Efficient Dissemination to Target Organs. Viruses 2020 Sep 8;12(9).
                    doi: 10.3390/v12090999pubmed: 32911663google scholar: lookup
                  6. Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Freer H, Wimer CL, Perkins GA, Raza F, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. An Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) Ab4 Open Reading Frame 2 Deletion Mutant Provides Immunity and Protection from EHV-1 Infection and Disease. J Virol 2019 Nov 15;93(22).
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.01011-19pubmed: 31462575google scholar: lookup
                  7. Kamel M, Pavulraj S, Osterrieder K, Azab W. EHV-1 Pathogenesis: Current in vitro Models and Future Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2019;6:251.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00251pubmed: 31417917google scholar: lookup
                  8. Thorsteinsdóttir L, Jónsdóttir S, Stefánsdóttir SB, Andrésdóttir V, Wagner B, Marti E, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V. The effect of maternal immunity on the equine gammaherpesvirus type 2 and 5 viral load and antibody response. PLoS One 2019;14(6):e0218576.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218576pubmed: 31226153google scholar: lookup
                  9. Klier J, Bartl C, Geuder S, Geh KJ, Reese S, Goehring LS, Winter G, Gehlen H. Immunomodulatory asthma therapy in the equine animal model: A dose-response study and evaluation of a long-term effect. Immun Inflamm Dis 2019 Sep;7(3):130-149.
                    doi: 10.1002/iid3.252pubmed: 31141308google scholar: lookup
                  10. Wimer CL, Schnabel CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Stout AE, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Wagner B. The deletion of the ORF1 and ORF71 genes reduces virulence of the neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain Ab4 without compromising host immunity in horses. PLoS One 2018;13(11):e0206679.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206679pubmed: 30440016google scholar: lookup
                  11. Schnabel CL, Wimer CL, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Watts C, Rollins A, Osterrieder N, Wagner B. Deletion of the ORF2 gene of the neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 strain Ab4 reduces virulence while maintaining strong immunogenicity. BMC Vet Res 2018 Aug 22;14(1):245.
                    doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1563-4pubmed: 30134896google scholar: lookup
                  12. Shakya AK, O'Callaghan DJ, Kim SK. Comparative Genomic Sequencing and Pathogenic Properties of Equine Herpesvirus 1 KyA and RacL11. Front Vet Sci 2017;4:211.
                    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00211pubmed: 29312962google scholar: lookup
                  13. Carossino M, Wagner B, Loynachan AT, Cook RF, Canisso IF, Chelvarajan L, Edwards CL, Nam B, Timoney JF, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Equine Arteritis Virus Elicits a Mucosal Antibody Response in the Reproductive Tract of Persistently Infected Stallions. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2017 Oct;24(10).
                    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00215-17pubmed: 28814389google scholar: lookup
                  14. Wagner B, Perkins G, Babasyan S, Freer H, Keggan A, Goodman LB, Glaser A, Torsteinsdóttir S, Svansson V, Björnsdóttir S. Neonatal Immunization with a Single IL-4/Antigen Dose Induces Increased Antibody Responses after Challenge Infection with Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 (EHV-1) at Weanling Age. PLoS One 2017;12(1):e0169072.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169072pubmed: 28045974google scholar: lookup
                  15. Huang T, Lehmann MJ, Said A, Ma G, Osterrieder N. Major histocompatibility complex class I downregulation induced by equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 is through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. J Virol 2014 Nov;88(21):12802-15.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.02079-14pubmed: 25165105google scholar: lookup
                  16. Hussey GS, Goehring LS, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, Huang T, Osterrieder N, Powell C, Hand J, Holz C, Slater J. Experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) induces chorioretinal lesions. Vet Res 2013 Dec 5;44(1):118.
                    doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-118pubmed: 24308772google scholar: lookup
                  17. Ma G, Eschbaumer M, Said A, Hoffmann B, Beer M, Osterrieder N. An equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) expressing VP2 and VP5 of serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) induces protection in a murine infection model. PLoS One 2012;7(4):e34425.
                    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034425pubmed: 22511939google scholar: lookup
                  18. Ma G, Feineis S, Osterrieder N, Van de Walle GR. Identification and characterization of equine herpesvirus type 1 pUL56 and its role in virus-induced downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I. J Virol 2012 Apr;86(7):3554-63.
                    doi: 10.1128/JVI.06994-11pubmed: 22278226google scholar: lookup
                  19. Goodman LB, Wimer C, Dubovi EJ, Gold C, Wagner B. Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus 1. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Feb;19(2):235-41.
                    doi: 10.1128/CVI.05522-11pubmed: 22205656google scholar: lookup
                  20. Pradhan SS, Balena V, Bera BC, Anand T, Khetmalis R, Madhwal A, Kandasamy S, Pavulraj S, Bernela M, Mor P, Tripathi BN, Virmani N. Multiple Gene Deletion Mutants of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Exhibit Strong Protective Efficacy Against Wild Virus Challenge in a Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Jan 8;13(1).
                    doi: 10.3390/vaccines13010045pubmed: 39852824google scholar: lookup
                  21. Giessler KS, Goehring LS, Jacob SI, Davis A, Esser MM, Lee Y, Zarski LM, Weber PSD, Hussey GS. Impact of the host immune response on the development of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in horses. J Gen Virol 2024 May;105(5).
                    doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001987pubmed: 38767608google scholar: lookup
                  22. Eady NA, Holmes C, Schnabel C, Babasyan S, Wagner B. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) replication at the upper respiratory entry site is inhibited by neutralizing EHV-1-specific IgG1 and IgG4/7 mucosal antibodies. J Virol 2024 Jun 13;98(6):e0025024.
                    doi: 10.1128/jvi.00250-24pubmed: 38742875google scholar: lookup
                  23. Ali AAH, Abdallah F, Shemies OA, Kotb G, Nafea MR. Molecular characterization of equine herpes viruses type 1 and 4 among Arabian horse populations in Egypt during the period between 2021 and 2022. Open Vet J 2024 Jan;14(1):534-544.
                    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.48pubmed: 38633187google scholar: lookup
                  24. Pusterla N, Dorman DC, Burgess BA, Goehring L, Gross M, Osterrieder K, Soboll Hussey G, Lunn DP. Viremia and nasal shedding for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 infection in domesticated horses. J Vet Intern Med 2024 May-Jun;38(3):1765-1791.
                    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16958pubmed: 38069548google scholar: lookup
                  25. Keggan A, Freer H, Rollins A, Wagner B. Production of seven monoclonal equine immunoglobulins isotyped by multiplex analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013 Jun 15;153(3-4):187-93.
                    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.02.010pubmed: 23541920google scholar: lookup
                  Subscribe to our newsletter
                  Join 99,658 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.