Evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth.
Abstract: Clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia of intestinal origin are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in horses. Intestinal adsorbents are available for treatment of these conditions; however, little information exists supporting their use. Objective: To evaluate the ability of di-tri-octahedral smectite to bind to Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, C. perfringens enterotoxin and endotoxin, inhibit clostridial growth and the actions of metronidazole in vitro. Methods: Clostridium difficile toxins, C. perfringens enterotoxin and endotoxin were mixed with serial dilutions of di-tri-octahedral smectite, then tested for the presence of clostridial toxins or endotoxin using commercial tests. Serial dilutions of smectite were tested for the ability to inhibit growth of C. perfringens in culture broth, and to interfere with the effect of metronidazole on growth of C. perfringens in culture broth. Results: Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, and C. perfringens enterotoxin were completely bound at dilutions of 1:2 to 1:16. Partial binding of C. difficile toxins occurred at dilutions up to 1:256 while partial binding of C. perfringens enterotoxin occurred up to a dilution of 1:128. Greater than 99% binding of endotoxin occurred with dilutions 1:2 to 1:32. No inhibition of growth of C. difficile or C. perfringens was present at any dilution, and there was no effect on the action of metronidazole. Conclusions: Di-tri-octahedral smectite possesses the ability to bind C. difficile toxins A and B, C. perfringens enterotoxin and endotoxin in vivo while having no effect on bacterial growth or the action of metronidazole. Conclusions: In vivo studies are required to determine whether di-tri-octahedral smectite might be a useful adjunctive treatment of clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia in horses.
Publication Date: 2003-12-03 PubMed ID: 14649353DOI: 10.2746/042516403775696384Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Evaluation Study
- Journal Article
Summary
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This study investigates the ability of a mineral known as di-tri-octahedral smectite to bind with potentially harmful clostridial toxins produced by bacteria in horses. The researchers also assessed whether it had any effects on bacterial growth or interacted with a common antibiotic, metronidazole.
Methodology
- The team started by testing if di-tri-octahedrals smectite could bind to Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, C. perfringens enterotoxin, and endotoxin. These toxins are produced by bacteria that can cause illnesses in horses.
- They mixed clostridial toxins and endotoxin with varying quantities of di-tri-octahedral smectite. Afterward, they used an available commercial test to see if there were any unbound toxins of C. difficile or C. perfringens or endotoxin left.
- Further, they examined if smectite could hinder the growth of C. perfringens in culture broth. A similar approach was adopted to see if smectite affected metronidazole’s action against C. perfringens.
Findings
- The binding process was found to be successful, with complete binding of C. perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxins A and B achieved at dilutions of 1:2 to 1:16. Even at dilutions as high as 1:128 for C. perfringens enterotoxin and 1:256 for C. difficile toxins, there was still some binding, albeit partial.
- For endotoxin, greater than 99% binding occurred with dilutions ranging from 1:2 to 1:32.
- However, the smectite did not inhibit the growth of C. difficile or C. perfringens at any concentration. Nor did it have any impact on the function of the antibiotic metronidazole.
Implications
- This indicates di-tri-octahedral smectite could potentially bind with harmful toxins produced by clostridial bacteria within horses. It does this without hindering the growth of the bacteria or altering the effectiveness of metronidazole.
- Based on the findings of the study, further research is needed on live organisms, or in vivo studies to ascertain whether di-tri-octahedral smectite could be an additional treatment for clostridial colitis and endotoxaemia in horses.
Cite This Article
APA
Weese JS, Cote NM, deGannes RV.
(2003).
Evaluation of in vitro properties of di-tri-octahedral smectite on clostridial toxins and growth.
Equine Vet J, 35(7), 638-641.
https://doi.org/10.2746/042516403775696384 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Anti-Infective Agents / antagonists & inhibitors
- Anti-Infective Agents / pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins
- Bacterial Toxins / antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Toxins / metabolism
- Clostridioides difficile / metabolism
- Clostridium perfringens / metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Enterocolitis / drug therapy
- Enterocolitis / veterinary
- Enterotoxins / antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins / metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Agents / metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Agents / pharmacology
- Gastrointestinal Agents / therapeutic use
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Horses
- Metronidazole / antagonists & inhibitors
- Metronidazole / pharmacology
- Silicates
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Gomez DE, Kopper JJ, Byrne DP, Renaud DL, Schoster A, Dunkel B, Arroyo LG, Mykkanen A, Gilsenan WF, Pihl TH, Lopez-Navarro G, Tennent-Brown BS, Hostnik LD, Mora-Pereira M, Marques F, Gold JR, DeNotta SL, Desjardins I, Stewart AJ, Kuroda T, Schaefer E, Oliver-Espinosa OJ, Agne GF, Uberti B, Veiras P, Delph Miller KM, Gialleti R, John E, Toribio RE. Treatment approaches to horses with acute diarrhea admitted to referral institutions: A multicenter retrospective study. PLoS One 2024;19(11):e0313783.
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- Damato A, Vianello F, Novelli E, Balzan S, Gianesella M, Giaretta E, Gabai G. Comprehensive Review on the Interactions of Clay Minerals With Animal Physiology and Production. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:889612.
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