FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / BMC Vet Res / Evaluation of plasma muscle enzyme activity as an indicator ...
BMC veterinary research2014; 10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1); S7; doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-S1-S7

Evaluation of plasma muscle enzyme activity as an indicator of lesion characteristics and prognosis in horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain.

Abstract: In horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain, identification of variables correlating with lesion severity and location, and survival provide veterinarians and owners with information that aids in making informed decisions regarding appropriate treatment. Muscle enzyme activity is often increased in horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain and it is not known if muscle enzyme activity increase is specific to lesion type or impacts prognosis for survival. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of pre-operative increase in muscle enzyme activities with intestinal lesion characteristics, specifically lesion location (large versus small intestine) and whether it was strangulating versus nonstrangulating, and case survival in horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain. Methods: Records of 241 horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy for colic were reviewed retrospectively. Evaluation of preoperative plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities, fibrinogen and glucose concentrations, and hematocrit (HCT) and their association with gastrointestinal lesion characteristics and survival was performed. Results: Pre-operative increase in plasma CK and AST activity, and HCT and decrease in plasma bilirubin concentration were significantly associated with presence of lesions resulting in intestinal ischemia. Increase in plasma CK activity and HCT were significantly associated with a decreased probability of survival to hospital discharge. Plasma GGT and SDH activity, and glucose and fibrinogen concentration were not significantly associated with survival or severity of disease in multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Plasma muscle enzyme activity may be useful as a prognostic indicator in equine colic cases. Given that increases in plasma CK and AST activity were significantly associated with nonsurvival and the presence of intestinal ischemia, preoperative increase in these enzyme activities could assist in identification of disease severity and prognosis of horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain. Further study is indicated to elucidate the etiology of increased muscle enzyme activity in horses with surgical colic disease observed in this preliminary study.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2014-07-07 PubMed ID: 25237781PubMed Central: PMC4122891DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-S1-S7Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper explored how the increase in muscle enzyme activity in horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain could be an indicator of intestinal lesion characteristics and prognosis. Analysis of data from 241 horse surgeries found significant correlations between enzyme activity and disease severity, with some markers proving better predictors of survival chances.

Study Objective

  • This research aimed to investigate if there was a connection between the pre-operative rise in muscle enzyme activities with characteristics of intestinal lesions and survival rates in horses undergoing cetliotomy for acute gastrointestinal distress. Particular emphasis was placed on lesion location (large versus small intestine) and whether the lesions were strangulating or nonstrangulating.

Methodology

  • A retrospective review was conducted on records of 241 horses that had undergone an exploratory laparotomy for colic.
  • The researchers evaluated preoperative plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities.
  • They also analyzed fibrinogen and glucose levels and hematocrit (HCT) for any associations with gastrointestinal lesion characteristics and the horse’s survival.

Findings

  • An increase in plasma CK and AST activity before surgery, as well as HCT, coupled with a decrease in plasma bilirubin concentration, showed a significant link with the presence of intestinal lesions that result in ischemia, a restriction in blood supply.
  • Increased CK activity in plasma and HCT were strongly associated with a lowered likelihood of survival until hospital discharge.
  • There was no significant association found between plasma GGT and SDH activity, glucose, and fibrinogen concentration with survival rates or disease severity upon multivariate analysis.

Conclusion

  • This study suggests that plasma muscle enzyme activity could potentially be a useful prognostic tool in equine colic cases.
  • The significant association between non-survival and the presence of intestinal ischemia with increased plasma CK and AST activities hint that a rise in these enzyme activities before surgery could assist in identifying disease severity and predicting outcomes.
  • However, further research is needed to uncover the cause of increased muscle enzyme activity witnessed in horses suffering from surgical colic disease, as this was only a preliminary study.

Cite This Article

APA
Krueger CR, Ruple-Czerniak A, Hackett ES. (2014). Evaluation of plasma muscle enzyme activity as an indicator of lesion characteristics and prognosis in horses undergoing celiotomy for acute gastrointestinal pain. BMC Vet Res, 10 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), S7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-10-S1-S7

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 10 Suppl 1
Issue: Suppl 1
Pages: S7

Researcher Affiliations

Krueger, Clarisa R
    Ruple-Czerniak, Audrey
      Hackett, Eileen S

        MeSH Terms

        • Animals
        • Aspartate Aminotransferases / blood
        • Blood Glucose
        • Creatine Kinase / blood
        • Fibrinogen
        • Gastrointestinal Diseases / surgery
        • Gastrointestinal Diseases / veterinary
        • Horse Diseases / blood
        • Horse Diseases / surgery
        • Horses
        • L-Iditol 2-Dehydrogenase / blood
        • Muscle, Skeletal / enzymology
        • Pain / surgery
        • Pain / veterinary
        • gamma-Glutamyltransferase / blood

        References

        This article includes 37 references
        1. Mair TS, Smith LJ. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: Short-term survival following a single laparotomy.. Equine veterinary journal 2005;37(4):296–302.
          pubmed: 16028616
        2. Dukti S, White NA. Prognosticating equine colic.. The Veterinary clinics of North America Equine practice 2009;25:217–231.
          doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2009.04.004pubmed: 19580935google scholar: lookup
        3. Hassel DM, Hill AE, Rorabeck RA. Association between hyperglycemia and survival in 228 horses with acute gastrointestinal disease.. Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2009;23(6):1261–1265.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0395.xpubmed: 19780927google scholar: lookup
        4. Edner AH, Nyman GC, Essen-Gustavsson B. Metabolism before, during and after anaesthesia in colic and healthy horses.. Acta veterinaria Scandinavica 2007;49:34.
          doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-34pmc: PMC2206032pubmed: 18001483google scholar: lookup
        5. Valentine BA, Lohr CV. Myonecrosis in three horses with colic: evidence for endotoxic injury.. The Veterinary record 2007;161(23):786–789.
          pubmed: 18065814
        6. Hersch M, Gnidec AA, Bersten AD, Troster M, Rutledge FS, Sibbald WJ. Histologic and ultrastructural changes in nonpulmonary organs during early hyperdynamic sepsis.. Surgery 1990;107(4):397–410.
          pubmed: 2321137
        7. Macleay JM. Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System. Equine Internal Medicine 2010;pp. 488–544.
        8. Boyd RD, Whitehead DM, Butler WR. Effect of exogenous glucagon and free fatty acids on gluconeogenesis in fasting neonatal pigs.. Journal of animal science 1985;60(3):659–665.
          pubmed: 3886618
        9. Argiroudis SA, Kent JE, Blackmore DJ. Observations on the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in equine serum and tissues.. Equine veterinary journal 1982;14(4):317–321.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1982.tb02441.xpubmed: 7173142google scholar: lookup
        10. Gerber H. The clinical significance of serum enzyme activities with particular reference to myoglobinuria.. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1968;14:81–87.
        11. Rej R, Rudofsky U, Magro A, Prendergast J. Effects of exercise on serum amino-transferase activity and pyridoxal phosphate saturation in Thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine veterinary journal 1990;22(3):205–208.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04248.xpubmed: 2361510google scholar: lookup
        12. McKenzie EC. Biochemical abnormalities of the athletic horse. Equine Sports Medicine and Surgery 2013;pp. 933–934.
        13. Posen S. Turnover of circulating enzymes.. Clinical chemistry 1970;16(2):71–84.
          pubmed: 4906914
        14. Cardinet GH, Littrell JF, Freedland RA. Comparative investigations of serum creatine phosphokinase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities in equine paralytic myoglobinuria.. Research in veterinary science 1967;8(2):219–226.
          pubmed: 6068600
        15. Senior JM, Proudman CJ, Leuwer M, Carter SD. Plasma endotoxin in horses presented to an equine referral hospital: correlation to selected clinical parameters and outcomes.. Equine veterinary journal 2011;43(5):585–591.
          doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00328.xpubmed: 21496089google scholar: lookup
        16. Steverink PJ, Salden HJ, Sturk A, Klein WR, van der Velden MA, Nemeth F. Laboratory and clinical evaluation of a chromogenic endotoxin assay for horses with acute intestinal disorders.. The Veterinary quarterly 1994;16(Suppl 2):S117–121.
          pubmed: 7801503
        17. Fessler JF, Bottoms GD, Coppoc GL, Gimarc S, Latshaw HS, Noble JK. Plasma endotoxin concentrations in experimental and clinical equine subjects.. Equine veterinary journal Supplement 1989;pp. 24–28.
          pubmed: 9118101
        18. King JN, Gerring EL. Detection of endotoxin in cases of equine colic.. The Veterinary record 1988;123(10):269–271.
          doi: 10.1136/vr.123.10.269pubmed: 3188348google scholar: lookup
        19. Su GL. Lipopolysaccharides in liver injury: molecular mechanisms of Kupffer cell activation.. American journal of physiology Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2002;283(2):G256–265.
          pubmed: 12121871
        20. Moore RM, Muir WW, Rush BR. Systemic and colonic venous plasma biochemical alterations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon.. Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire 1998;62(1):14–20.
          pmc: PMC1189436pubmed: 9442934
        21. Turnage RH, Bagnasco J, Berger J, Guice KS, Oldham KT, Hinshaw DB. Hepatocellular oxidant stress following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.. The Journal of surgical research 1991;51(6):467–471.
          doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(91)90166-Jpubmed: 1943082google scholar: lookup
        22. Poggetti RS, Moore FA, Moore EE, Bensard DD, Anderson BO, Banerjee A. Liver injury is a reversible neutrophil-mediated event following gut ischemia.. Archives of surgery 1992;127(2):175–179.
          doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1992.01420020057009pubmed: 1540095google scholar: lookup
        23. Poggetti RS, Moore FA, Moore EE, Koeike K, Banerjee A. Simultaneous liver and lung injury following gut ischemia is mediated by xanthine oxidase.. The Journal of trauma 1992;32(6):723–727.
          doi: 10.1097/00005373-199206000-00008pubmed: 1613831google scholar: lookup
        24. Megid Gomaa NA, Koller G, Fritz Schusser G. Clinical evaluation of serum alcohol dehydrogenase activity in horses with acute intestinal obstruction.. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2011;21(3):242–252.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00641.xpubmed: 21631710google scholar: lookup
        25. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Mohammed HO, Ducharme NG, Divers TJ. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon.. Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2005;19(5):761–764.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02758.xpubmed: 16231724google scholar: lookup
        26. Parks DA, Granger DN. Ischemia-reperfusion injury: a radical view.. Hepatology 1988;8(3):680–682.
          doi: 10.1002/hep.1840080341pubmed: 3286463google scholar: lookup
        27. Hauptmann S, Klosterhalfen B, Weis J, Mittermayer C, Kirkpatrick CJ. Skeletal muscle oedema and muscle fibre necrosis during septic shock. Observations with a porcine septic shock model.. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 1994;424(6):653–659.
          doi: 10.1007/BF01069747pubmed: 8055160google scholar: lookup
        28. Supinski GS, Callahan LA. Hemin prevents cardiac and diaphragm mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis.. Free radical biology & medicine 2006;40(1):127–137.
          doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.025pubmed: 16337886google scholar: lookup
        29. Fredriksson K, Flaring U, Guillet C, Wernerman J, Rooyackers O. Muscle mitochondrial activity increases rapidly after an endotoxin challenge in human volunteers.. Acta anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2009;53(3):299–304.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01851.xpubmed: 19243315google scholar: lookup
        30. Rooyackers OE, Kersten AH, Wagenmakers AJ. Mitochondrial protein content and in vivo synthesis rates in skeletal muscle from critically ill rats.. Clinical science 1996;91(4):475–481.
          pubmed: 8983873
        31. Singer M, Brealey D. Mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis.. Biochemical Society symposium 1999;66:149–166.
          pubmed: 10989665
        32. Singer M. Metabolic failure.. Critical care medicine 2005;33(12 Suppl):S539–542.
          pubmed: 16340444
        33. Oredsson S, Plate G, Qvarfordt P. Allopurinol--a free radical scavenger--reduces reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.. European journal of vascular surgery 1991;5(1):47–52.
          doi: 10.1016/S0950-821X(05)80926-0pubmed: 2009984google scholar: lookup
        34. Peiro JR, Barnabe PA, Cadioli FA, Cunha FQ, Lima VM, Mendonca VH, Santana AE, Malheiros EB, Perri SH, Valadao CA. Effects of lidocaine infusion during experimental endotoxemia in horses.. Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2010;24(4):940–948.
          doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0555.xpubmed: 20649751google scholar: lookup
        35. Tadros EM, Frank N, DeWitte FG, Boston RC. Effects of intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses with equine metabolic syndrome.. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2013;74(7):1020–1029.
          doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.7.1020pubmed: 23802674google scholar: lookup
        36. Toth F, Frank N, Elliott SB, Geor RJ, Boston RC. Effects of an intravenous endotoxin challenge on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses.. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2008;69(1):82–88.
          doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.1.82pubmed: 18167091google scholar: lookup
        37. Greenson JK, Farber SJ, Dubin SB. The effect of hemolysis on creatine kinase determination.. Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine 1989;113(2):184–185.
          pubmed: 2916906
        Subscribe to our newsletter
        Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.