Evaluation of serum amyloid A and surfactant protein D in sera for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.
Abstract: In the present study, the concentrations of serum amyloid A and surfactant protein D in sera were measured to evaluate them for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia. The study utilized 185 clinically healthy control thoroughbreds and 9 thoroughbreds for experimental infectious study with S. zooepidemicus. Blood samples were collected from the 185 healthy control thoroughbreds. The 9 thoroughbreds were experimentally infected S. zooepidemicus using an endoscopic injection to a lung lobe and were then observed of clinical conditions. Blood samples were collected before inoculation and on the 1-15th, 22nd, and 29th days after inoculation (follow-up group). The levels of SAA and SP-D in the healthy control thoroughbreds were very low. In the follow-up group, the levels of SAA and SP-D changed in parallel with the horses' clinical condition. The pyrexia observed after bacterial inoculation faded by the 11th day, and the changes in SAA and SP-D occurred simultaneous to disappearance of the clinical signs. Measurement of SAA and SP-D proved useful for monitoring the clinical condition of the horses with bacterial pneumonia. Changes in the SP-D value were preceded by changes in the SAA value. Since the changes in SP-D occurred approximately simultaneous to the changes in the horses' clinical signs, we believe that they reflect the condition of the alveolar membranes. We conclude that measurement of SAA and SP-D in sera is useful for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.
Publication Date: 2007-09-11 PubMed ID: 17827889DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.827Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article focuses on a study that gauged the effectiveness of measuring serum amyloid A (SAA) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) in identifying bacterial pneumonia in horses.
Objective of the Study
- The primary objective of the study was to measure and evaluate the concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) in horse’s blood samples. These measurements were taken to identify and monitor the clinical condition of horses suffering from bacterial pneumonia.
Methodology
- The researchers conducted their study using 185 clinically healthy thoroughbreds as control subjects, and 9 thoroughbreds injected with S. zooepidemicus bacteria for an experimental group.
- The blood samples were collected from the healthy horses to record their normal levels of SAA and SP-D.
- The horses in the experimental group were infected with S. zooepidemicus using an endoscopic injection into a lung lobe. The researchers then tracked the clinical conditions of these horses.
- Blood samples from the infected horses were obtained before infection and on multiple days following infection.
Findings
- As expected, the levels of SAA and SP-D in the healthy horses were very low.
- In the experimentally infected horses, the levels of SAA and SP-D fluctuated in alignment with the horses’ clinical condition. They became elevated when the horses’ health deteriorated, and fell as the horses’ health improved.
- The researchers noted that the horses’ fever, which was a result of the bacterial infection, had disappeared by the 11th day. The changes in SAA and SP-D levels occurred concurrently with this disappearance of clinical signs.
Conclusions
- A key conclusion from the study is that the measurement of SAA and SP-D can be effectively used to monitor the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.
- A noteworthy observation was that changes in SP-D values usually occurred after changes in SAA values, which indicates this could be a sequential biological response to bacterial infection.
- The researchers finally concluded that these changes indicate the condition of the alveolar membranes – a part of the lung affected by pneumonia, suggesting that these measurements provide insight into the precise condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.
Cite This Article
APA
Hobo S, Niwa H, Anzai T.
(2007).
Evaluation of serum amyloid A and surfactant protein D in sera for identification of the clinical condition of horses with bacterial pneumonia.
J Vet Med Sci, 69(8), 827-830.
https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.69.827 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shiba, Tochigi, Japan. hobo@epizoo.equinst.go.jp
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Female
- Horse Diseases / blood
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horse Diseases / microbiology
- Horses
- Male
- Pneumonia, Bacterial / blood
- Pneumonia, Bacterial / diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Bacterial / veterinary
- Pulmonary Surfactant-Associated Protein D / blood
- Serum Amyloid A Protein / analysis
- Streptococcal Infections / blood
- Streptococcal Infections / diagnosis
- Streptococcal Infections / veterinary
- Streptococcus equi
- Time Factors
Citations
This article has been cited 20 times.- Hepworth-Warren KL, Estell K, Cowles B, Amodie D, Crisman M. Utility of serum amyloid A in monitoring clinical response to antimicrobial treatment in horses with bacterial pneumonia.. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Sep-Oct;37(5):1917-1922.
- Peixoto Rabelo I, Barroco de Paula V, Carvalho Bustamante C, Santana AM, Gomes da Silva D, Baldassi AC, Canola PA, Araújo Valadão CA. Acute phase proteins levels in horses, after a single carbohydrate overload, associated with cecal alkalinization.. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1043656.
- Thurston CC, Stefanovski D, MacKinnon MC, Chapman HS, Richardson DW, Levine DG. Serum amyloid A and fibrinogen as markers for early detection of surgical site infection associated with internal fixation in the horse.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:960865.
- Long A, Nolen-Walston R. Equine Inflammatory Markers in the Twenty-First Century: A Focus on Serum Amyloid A.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):147-160.
- Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Bąska P, Czopowicz M, Żmigrodzka M, Szczepaniak J, Szarska E, Winnicka A, Cywińska A. Changes in Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Concentration in Arabian Endurance Horses During First Training Season.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jun 8;9(6).
- Witkowska-Piłaszewicz OD, Żmigrodzka M, Winnicka A, Miśkiewicz A, Strzelec K, Cywińska A. Serum amyloid A in equine health and disease.. Equine Vet J 2019 May;51(3):293-298.
- Endo Y, Ishikawa Y, Arima D, Mae N, Iwamoto Y, Korosue K, Tsuzuki N, Hobo S. Effects of pre-shipping enrofloxacin administration on fever and blood properties in adult Thoroughbred racehorses transported a long distance.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Mar 18;79(3):464-466.
- Aoki T, Kimura Y, Oya A, Chiba A, Ishii M, Nambo Y. Hematological and biochemical features of postpartum fever in the heavy draft mare.. J Equine Sci 2016;27(1):13-6.
- Turło A, Cywińska A, Czopowicz M, Witkowski L, Niedźwiedź A, Słowikowska M, Borowicz H, Jaśkiewicz A, Winnicka A. The Effect of Different Types of Musculoskeletal Injuries on Blood Concentration of Serum Amyloid A in Thoroughbred Racehorses.. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0140673.
- Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. Acute phase proteins in racehorses with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2015 May-Jun;29(3):940-5.
- Endo Y, Tsuchiya T, Omura T, Nakai K, Korosue K, Ishimaru M, Ishikawa Y, Hobo S. Effects of pre-shipping marbofloxacin administration on fever and blood properties in healthy Thoroughbreds transported a long distance.. J Vet Med Sci 2015 Jan;77(1):75-9.
- Nemoto M, Oue Y, Morita Y, Kanno T, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Ueno T, Katayama Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Experimental inoculation of equine coronavirus into Japanese draft horses.. Arch Virol 2014 Dec;159(12):3329-34.
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- Akai M, Hobo S, Wada S. Effect of Low-Dose Human Interferon-alpha on Shipping Fever of Thoroughbred Racehorses.. J Equine Sci 2008;19(4):91-5.
- Bundgaard L, Jacobsen S, Sørensen MA, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Moritz RL, Bendixen E. The Equine PeptideAtlas: a resource for developing proteomics-based veterinary research.. Proteomics 2014 Mar;14(6):763-73.
- Cywinska A, Witkowski L, Szarska E, Schollenberger A, Winnicka A. Serum amyloid A (SAA) concentration after training sessions in Arabian race and endurance horses.. BMC Vet Res 2013 May 1;9:91.
- Cray C. Acute phase proteins in animals.. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2012;105:113-50.
- Hillström A, Tvedten H, Lilliehöök I. Evaluation of an in-clinic Serum Amyloid A (SAA) assay and assessment of the effects of storage on SAA samples.. Acta Vet Scand 2010 Feb 2;52(1):8.
- Cray C, Zaias J, Altman NH. Acute phase response in animals: a review.. Comp Med 2009 Dec;59(6):517-26.
- Wu YP, Liu ZH, Wei R, Pan SD, Mao NY, Chen B, Han JJ, Zhang FS, Holmskov U, Xia ZL, de Groot PG, Reid KB, Xu WB, Sorensen GL. Elevated plasma surfactant protein D (SP-D) levels and a direct correlation with anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-specific IgG antibody in SARS patients.. Scand J Immunol 2009 Jun;69(6):508-15.
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