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Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for maintenance of anesthesia in horses.
Abstract: Eight horses [5.6 ± 3.6 years, 489 ± 48.6 kg (mean ± SD)] were anesthetized four times under laboratory conditions to characterize physiologic and behavioral (reported elsewhere) responses associated with a 1-hours period of total intravenous anesthesia (TIA). Each horse was premedicated with xylazine (X, 0.75 mg kg−1) and anesthesia induced 5 minutes later with 5% guaifenesin (75 mg kg−1) and ketamine (K, 2 mg kg−1), all given IV After anesthetic induction, horses were intubated and received one of six treatments [X 35, K 90, O2; X 35, K 120, O2; X 35, K 120, air; X 35, K150, O2; X 70, K 90, O2; no X, K150, O2; all infusions in μgkg−1min−1, O2 = FIO2 > 0.95 (inhalation agent free LA breathing circuit], air = FIO2 = 0.21, mean Patm = 640 mmHg)]. Treatments were assigned using a computer generated incomplete block design (each treatment repeated a minimum of five times, no treatment repeated in any animal). Cardiopulmonary variables (HR, MAP, CO, MPAP, RR, pHa, PaCO2 and PaO2) were measured at 20, 40 and 60 minutes following the start of the infusion. After the final set of measurements, the infusions were discontinued and horses allowed to recover unassisted. An incomplete block design with repeated measures was used to analyze data.
Publication Date: 2016-11-16 PubMed ID: 28404032DOI: 10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31355-1Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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The study investigates the effectiveness of xylazine and ketamine in maintaining anesthesia in horses. The research was conducted under laboratory conditions, using eight horses. The physiological and behavioral responses of the horses were measured during a 1-hour period of total intravenous anesthesia.
Experimental Procedure
- The eight horses used in the experiment had an age of 5.6 ± 3.6 years and an average weight of 489 ± 48.6 kilograms.
- Each horse was anesthetized four times under laboratory conditions to study their physiological and behavioral responses.
- Premedication was administered using xylazine (0.75 mg per kilogram), followed by anesthesia induced with 5% guaifenesin (75 mg per kilogram) and ketamine (2 mg per kilogram), all given intravenously.
- The horses were then intubated and administered one of six treatments, which varied in the amount of xylazine (X), ketamine (K) and Oxygen (O2) content. The variants also included air as an alternative for oxygen in one of the treatment groups.
Measuring Procedure
- A series of cardiopulmonary variables were measured at the 20th, 40th, and 60th minute following the start of the infusion.
- The variables included Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Cardiac Output (CO), Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (MPAP), Respiratory Rate (RR), arterial pH (pHa), Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Arterial Blood (PaCO2) and Partial Pressure of Oxygen in Arterial Blood (PaO2).
- After the final set of measurements, horses were allowed to recover unassisted.
Statistical Analysis
- The experiment used an incomplete block design with repeated measures for data analysis. This is a method in experimental design that ensures each treatment is repeated a certain number of times, but not on the same individual. This helps to minimize the effect of potential confounders like individual differences and biases.
- In this experiment, each treatment was repeated at least five times, but never repeated on any single horse.
This research provides comprehensive data on the usage of ketamine and xylazine for maintaining anesthesia in a controlled environment. Further studies could look into real-world applications and find ways to optimize the combination for practical use.
Cite This Article
APA
Mama KR, Wagner AE, Steffey EP, Kollias-Baker C, Hellyer PW, Golden AE, Brevard LF.
(2016).
Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine for maintenance of anesthesia in horses.
Vet Anaesth Analg, 27(2), 105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1467-2987(16)31355-1 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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