FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Gen Virol / Evidence of widespread natural recombination among field iso...
The Journal of general virology2015; 97(3); 747-755; doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.000378

Evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1.

Abstract: Recombination in alphaherpesviruses allows evolution to occur in viruses that have an otherwise stable DNA genome with a low rate of nucleotide substitution. High-throughput sequencing of complete viral genomes has recently allowed natural (field) recombination to be studied in a number of different alphaherpesviruses, however, such studies have not been applied to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) or equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4). These two equine alphaherpesviruses are genetically similar, but differ in their pathogenesis and epidemiology. Both cause economically significant disease in horse populations worldwide. This study used high-throughput sequencing to determine the full genome sequences of EHV-1 and EHV-4 isolates (11 and 14 isolates, respectively) from Australian or New Zealand horses. These sequences were then analysed and examined for evidence of recombination. Evidence of widespread recombination was detected in the genomes of the EHV-4 isolates. Only one potential recombination event was detected in the genomes of the EHV-1 isolates, even when the genomes from an additional 11 international EHV-1 isolates were analysed. The results from this study reveal another fundamental difference between the biology of EHV-1 and EHV-4. The results may also be used to help inform the future safe use of attenuated equine herpesvirus vaccines.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2015-12-21 PubMed ID: 26691326PubMed Central: PMC5381393DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000378Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper looks into the genetic mixing or recombination patterns among two types of herpesvirus that infect horses – Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and Equine Herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4), and finds that while EHV-4 shows noticeable recombination activity, EHV-1 shows notably less, indicating a key difference in their biology.

Background and Purpose of Study

  • The evolution of viruses happens primarily through the process of recombination, which is a form of genetic mixing.
  • Using high-throughput sequencing, this study aimed to investigate the extent of natural recombination in two types of Equine Herpesviruses – EHV-1 and EHV-4.
  • These viruses are genetically similar, but their pathogenesis and epidemiology differ, and they cause economically significant disease in horse populations globally.

Methodology of Study

  • The researchers acquired isolates of both EHV-1 (11 isolates) and EHV-4 (14 isolates) from horses in Australia or New Zealand and conducted high-throughput sequencing on them to determine their full genome sequences.
  • These sequences were then analyzed for evidence of recombination.

Results

  • Analysis showed that there was a significant amount of recombination present in the genomes of the EHV-4 isolates.
  • In contrast, only one potential recombination event was detected in the EHV-1 isolates, even when the genomes from an additional 11 international EHV-1 isolates were examined.

Conclusion and Implications

  • The findings of this study reveal another key difference between the biology of EHV-1 and EHV-4, namely, their patterns of recombination.
  • These findings can help inform the safe use of attenuated equine herpesvirus vaccines in the future.

Cite This Article

APA
Vaz PK, Horsington J, Hartley CA, Browning GF, Ficorilli NP, Studdert MJ, Gilkerson JR, Devlin JM. (2015). Evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1. J Gen Virol, 97(3), 747-755. https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000378

Publication

The Journal of general virology
ISSN: 1465-2099
NlmUniqueID: 0077340
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 97
Issue: 3
Pages: 747-755

Researcher Affiliations

Vaz, P K
  • Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Horsington, J
  • Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Hartley, C A
  • Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Browning, G F
  • Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Ficorilli, N P
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Studdert, M J
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Gilkerson, J R
  • Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Devlin, J M
  • Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Base Sequence
  • Genome, Viral
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / classification
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / isolation & purification
  • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / classification
  • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / genetics
  • Herpesvirus 4, Equid / isolation & purification
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • New Zealand
  • Phylogeny
  • Recombination, Genetic

References

This article includes 39 references
  1. Allen G, Kydd J, Slater J. Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections. Infectious Diseases of Livestock pp. 829–859.
  2. Bagust T. J., Pascoe R. R. (1968). Isolation of equine rhinopnemonitis virus from acute respiratory disease in a horse in queensland Vet J 44296.
  3. Bagust TJ, Pascoe RR. Studies on equine herpesviruses. 1. Characterisation of a strain of equine rhinopneumonitis virus isolated in Queensland.. Aust Vet J 1970 Sep;46(9):421-7.
    pubmed: 4320127doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1970.tb06681.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  4. Bruen TC, Philippe H, Bryant D. A simple and robust statistical test for detecting the presence of recombination.. Genetics 2006 Apr;172(4):2665-81.
    doi: 10.1534/genetics.105.048975pmc: PMC1456386pubmed: 16489234google scholar: lookup
  5. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Comparative studies of the proteins of equine herpesviruses 4 and 1 and asinine herpesvirus 3: antibody response of the natural hosts.. J Gen Virol 1990 Sep;71 ( Pt 9):2033-41.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-9-2033pubmed: 2170572google scholar: lookup
  6. Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) and 1 (equine abortion virus).. Adv Virus Res 1995;45:153-90.
    doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60060-3pubmed: 7793324google scholar: lookup
  7. Edington N, Smyth B, Griffiths L. The role of endothelial cell infection in the endometrium, placenta and foetus of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) abortions.. J Comp Pathol 1991 May;104(4):379-87.
    doi: 10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80148-Xpubmed: 1651960google scholar: lookup
  8. Gilkerson JR, Whalley JM, Drummer HE, Studdert MJ, Love DN. Epidemiological studies of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Thoroughbred foals: a review of studies conducted in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales between 1995 and 1997.. Vet Microbiol 1999 Aug 16;68(1-2):15-25.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00057-7pubmed: 10501158google scholar: lookup
  9. Gleeson LJ, Sullivan ND, Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses: type 3 as an abortigenic agent.. Aust Vet J 1976 Aug;52(8):349-54.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb09485.xpubmed: 186003google scholar: lookup
  10. Horner GW. Serological relationship between abortifacient and respiratory strains of equine herpesvirus type 1 in New Zealand.. N Z Vet J 1981 Jan-Feb;29(1-2):7-8.
    doi: 10.1080/00480169.1981.34777pubmed: 6262693google scholar: lookup
  11. Huang JA, Ficorilli N, Hartley CA, Allen GP, Studdert MJ. Polymorphism of open reading frame 71 of equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4) and EHV-1.. J Gen Virol 2002 Mar;83(Pt 3):525-531.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-525pubmed: 11842247google scholar: lookup
  12. Huson DH. SplitsTree: analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data.. Bioinformatics 1998;14(1):68-73.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/14.1.68pubmed: 9520503google scholar: lookup
  13. Katoh K, Standley DM. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability.. Mol Biol Evol 2013 Apr;30(4):772-80.
    doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst010pmc: PMC3603318pubmed: 23329690google scholar: lookup
  14. Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Meintjes P, Drummond A. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data.. Bioinformatics 2012 Jun 15;28(12):1647-9.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199pmc: PMC3371832pubmed: 22543367google scholar: lookup
  15. Kolb AW, Ané C, Brandt CR. Using HSV-1 genome phylogenetics to track past human migrations.. PLoS One 2013;8(10):e76267.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076267pmc: PMC3797750pubmed: 24146849google scholar: lookup
  16. Lee SW, Markham PF, Markham JF, Petermann I, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF, Ficorilli NP, Hartley CA, Devlin JM. First complete genome sequence of infectious laryngotracheitis virus.. BMC Genomics 2011 Apr 19;12:197.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-197pmc: PMC3110152pubmed: 21501528google scholar: lookup
  17. Lee SW, Markham PF, Coppo MJ, Legione AR, Markham JF, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF, Ficorilli N, Hartley CA, Devlin JM. Attenuated vaccines can recombine to form virulent field viruses.. Science 2012 Jul 13;337(6091):188.
    doi: 10.1126/science.1217134pubmed: 22798607google scholar: lookup
  18. Lee SW, Devlin JM, Markham JF, Noormohammadi AH, Browning GF, Ficorilli NP, Hartley CA, Markham PF. Phylogenetic and molecular epidemiological studies reveal evidence of multiple past recombination events between infectious laryngotracheitis viruses.. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e55121.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055121pmc: PMC3562231pubmed: 23383306google scholar: lookup
  19. Martin DP, Murrell B, Golden M, Khoosal A, Muhire B. RDP4: Detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes.. Virus Evol 2015;1(1):vev003.
    doi: 10.1093/ve/vev003pmc: PMC5014473pubmed: 27774277google scholar: lookup
  20. Norberg P, Liljeqvist JA, Bergström T, Sammons S, Schmid DS, Loparev VN. Complete-genome phylogenetic approach to varicella-zoster virus evolution: genetic divergence and evidence for recombination.. J Virol 2006 Oct;80(19):9569-76.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00835-06pmc: PMC1617251pubmed: 16973560google scholar: lookup
  21. Norberg P, Depledge DP, Kundu S, Atkinson C, Brown J, Haque T, Hussaini Y, MacMahon E, Molyneaux P, Papaevangelou V, Sengupta N, Koay ES, Tang JW, Underhill GS, Grahn A, Studahl M, Breuer J, Bergström T. Recombination of Globally Circulating Varicella-Zoster Virus.. J Virol 2015 Jul;89(14):7133-46.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00437-15pmc: PMC4473579pubmed: 25926648google scholar: lookup
  22. Patel JR, Heldens J. Equine herpesviruses 1 (EHV-1) and 4 (EHV-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review.. Vet J 2005 Jul;170(1):14-23.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.018pubmed: 15993786google scholar: lookup
  23. Peet RL, Coackley W, Smith VW, Main C. Equine abortion associated with herpesvirus.. Aust Vet J 1978 Mar;54(3):151.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1978.tb05537.xpubmed: 210753google scholar: lookup
  24. Peters GA, Tyler SD, Grose C, Severini A, Gray MJ, Upton C, Tipples GA. A full-genome phylogenetic analysis of varicella-zoster virus reveals a novel origin of replication-based genotyping scheme and evidence of recombination between major circulating clades.. J Virol 2006 Oct;80(19):9850-60.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.00715-06pmc: PMC1617253pubmed: 16973589google scholar: lookup
  25. Pignatti PF, Cassai E, Meneguzzi G, Chenciner N, Milanesi G. Herpes simplex virus DNA isolation from infected cells with a novel procedure.. Virology 1979 Feb;93(1):260-4.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90295-2pubmed: 219601google scholar: lookup
  26. Posada D. Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: empirical data.. Mol Biol Evol 2002 May;19(5):708-17.
    doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004129pubmed: 11961104google scholar: lookup
  27. Posada D, Crandall KA. Evaluation of methods for detecting recombination from DNA sequences: computer simulations.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001 Nov 20;98(24):13757-62.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.241370698pmc: PMC61114pubmed: 11717435google scholar: lookup
  28. Studdert MJ. Equine herpesviruses. 4. Concurrent infection in horses with strangles and conjunctivitis.. Aust Vet J 1971 Sep;47(9):434-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1971.tb02175.xpmc: PMC7159559pubmed: 4331251google scholar: lookup
  29. Studdert MJ, Blackney MH. Equine herpesviruses: on the differentiation of respiratory from foetal strains of type 1.. Aust Vet J 1979 Oct;55(10):488-92.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb00377.xpubmed: 231960google scholar: lookup
  30. Studdert MJ, Gleeson LJ. Isolation of equine rhinovirus type 1.. Aust Vet J 1977 Sep;53(9):452.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1977.tb05504.xpubmed: 201238google scholar: lookup
  31. Studdert MJ, Turner AJ, Peterson JE. Equine herpesviruses. I. Isolation and characterisation of equine rhinopneumonitis virus and other equine herpesviruses from horses.. Aust Vet J 1970 Mar;46(3):83-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1970.tb15927.xpubmed: 4317854google scholar: lookup
  32. Studdert MJ, Fitzpatrick DR, Horner GW, Westbury HA, Gleeson LJ. Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of some equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) isolates.. Aust Vet J 1984 Nov;61(11):345-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb07152.xpubmed: 6099117google scholar: lookup
  33. Studdert MJ, Hartley CA, Dynon K, Sandy JR, Slocombe RF, Charles JA, Milne ME, Clarke AF, El-Hage C. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV-1-specific antibody detection ELISA.. Vet Rec 2003 Oct 4;153(14):417-23.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.153.14.417pubmed: 14582730google scholar: lookup
  34. Telford EA, Watson MS, McBride K, Davison AJ. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-1.. Virology 1992 Jul;189(1):304-16.
    doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90706-Upubmed: 1318606google scholar: lookup
  35. Telford EA, Watson MS, Perry J, Cullinane AA, Davison AJ. The DNA sequence of equine herpesvirus-4.. J Gen Virol 1998 May;79 ( Pt 5):1197-203.
    doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-5-1197pubmed: 9603335google scholar: lookup
  36. Thiry E, Meurens F, Muylkens B, McVoy M, Gogev S, Thiry J, Vanderplasschen A, Epstein A, Keil G, Schynts F. Recombination in alphaherpesviruses.. Rev Med Virol 2005 Mar-Apr;15(2):89-103.
    doi: 10.1002/rmv.451pubmed: 15546129google scholar: lookup
  37. Varrasso A, Dynon K, Ficorilli N, Hartley CA, Studdert MJ, Drummer HE. Identification of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction.. Aust Vet J 2001 Aug;79(8):563-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10751.xpubmed: 11599819google scholar: lookup
  38. Weller SK, Sawitzke JA. Recombination promoted by DNA viruses: phage λ to herpes simplex virus.. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014;68:237-58.
    doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-091313-103424pmc: PMC4303060pubmed: 25002096google scholar: lookup
  39. Zell R, Taudien S, Pfaff F, Wutzler P, Platzer M, Sauerbrei A. Sequencing of 21 varicella-zoster virus genomes reveals two novel genotypes and evidence of recombination.. J Virol 2012 Feb;86(3):1608-22.
    doi: 10.1128/JVI.06233-11pmc: PMC3264370pubmed: 22130537google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 17 times.
  1. Onasanya AE, El-Hage C, Diaz-Méndez A, Vaz PK, Legione AR, Browning GF, Devlin JM, Hartley CA. Whole genome sequence analysis of equid gammaherpesvirus -2 field isolates reveals high levels of genomic diversity and recombination.. BMC Genomics 2022 Aug 30;23(1):622.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-022-08789-xpubmed: 36042397google scholar: lookup
  2. Kang HW, Lee EY, Lee KK, Ko MK, Park JY, Kim YH, Lee K, Choi EJ, Kim J, So B, Park CK, Jeoung HY. Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF34, ORF68, and MLST Genes in EHV-1 from South Korea.. Pathogens 2021 Apr 2;10(4).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens10040425pubmed: 33918404google scholar: lookup
  3. Kuny CV, Szpara ML. Alphaherpesvirus Genomics: Past, Present and Future.. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021;42:41-80.
    doi: 10.21775/cimb.042.041pubmed: 33159012google scholar: lookup
  4. Preziuso S, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Cuteri V. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes.. Viruses 2019 Sep 13;11(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v11090851pubmed: 31540321google scholar: lookup
  5. Lechmann J, Schoster A, Ernstberger M, Fouché N, Fraefel C, Bachofen C. A novel PCR protocol for detection and differentiation of neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic equid alphaherpesvirus 1.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019 Sep;31(5):696-703.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638719871975pubmed: 31477001google scholar: lookup
  6. Garvey M, Lyons R, Hector RD, Walsh C, Arkins S, Cullinane A. Molecular Characterisation of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Isolates from Cases of Abortion, Respiratory and Neurological Disease in Ireland between 1990 and 2017.. Pathogens 2019 Jan 15;8(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens8010007pubmed: 30650561google scholar: lookup
  7. Hidayati DN, Untari T, Wibowo MH, Akiyama K, Asmara W. Cloning and sequencing gB, gD, and gM genes to perform the genetic variability of bovine herpesvirus-1 from Indonesia.. Vet World 2018 Sep;11(9):1255-1261.
    doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1255-1261pubmed: 30410230google scholar: lookup
  8. Lewin AC, Kolb AW, McLellan GJ, Bentley E, Bernard KA, Newbury SP, Brandt CR. Genomic, Recombinational and Phylogenetic Characterization of Global Feline Herpesvirus 1 Isolates.. Virology 2018 May;518:385-397.
    doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.018pubmed: 29605685google scholar: lookup
  9. Amery-Gale J, Hartley CA, Vaz PK, Marenda MS, Owens J, Eden PA, Devlin JM. Avian viral surveillance in Victoria, Australia, and detection of two novel avian herpesviruses.. PLoS One 2018;13(3):e0194457.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194457pubmed: 29570719google scholar: lookup
  10. Bryant NA, Wilkie GS, Russell CA, Compston L, Grafham D, Clissold L, McLay K, Medcalf L, Newton R, Davison AJ, Elton DM. Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 Jun;65(3):817-832.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12809pubmed: 29423949google scholar: lookup
  11. Kolb AW, Lewin AC, Moeller Trane R, McLellan GJ, Brandt CR. Phylogenetic and recombination analysis of the herpesvirus genus varicellovirus.. BMC Genomics 2017 Nov 21;18(1):887.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4283-4pubmed: 29157201google scholar: lookup
  12. Loncoman CA, Hartley CA, Coppo MJC, Vaz PK, Diaz-Méndez A, Browning GF, García M, Spatz S, Devlin JM. Genetic Diversity of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus during In Vivo Coinfection Parallels Viral Replication and Arises from Recombination Hot Spots within the Genome.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017 Dec 1;83(23).
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.01532-17pubmed: 28939604google scholar: lookup
  13. Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Hills SF, Rola J. Genetic characterization of equid herpesvirus type 1 from cases of abortion in Poland.. Arch Virol 2017 Aug;162(8):2329-2335.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-017-3376-3pubmed: 28451902google scholar: lookup
  14. Loncoman CA, Hartley CA, Coppo MJ, Vaz PK, Diaz-Méndez A, Browning GF, Lee SW, Devlin JM. Development and application of a TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assay to study infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombination in the natural host.. PLoS One 2017;12(3):e0174590.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174590pubmed: 28350819google scholar: lookup
  15. Izume S, Kirisawa R, Ohya K, Ohnuma A, Kimura T, Omatsu T, Katayama Y, Mizutani T, Fukushi H. The full genome sequences of 8 equine herpesvirus type 4 isolates from horses in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Jan 24;79(1):206-212.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.16-0506pubmed: 27840393google scholar: lookup
  16. Abdelgawad A, Damiani A, Ho SY, Strauss G, Szentiks CA, East ML, Osterrieder N, Greenwood AD. Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections.. Viruses 2016 Sep 20;8(9).
    doi: 10.3390/v8090262pubmed: 27657113google scholar: lookup
  17. Vaz PK, Job N, Horsington J, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF, Devlin JM. Low genetic diversity among historical and contemporary clinical isolates of felid herpesvirus 1.. BMC Genomics 2016 Sep 2;17(1):704.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-3050-2pubmed: 27589862google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.