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Exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide, pH and leukotriene B4 are associated with lower airway inflammation and airway cytology in the horse.
Abstract: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analysis is a noninvasive method to assess the lower respiratory tract. In human subjects, EBC hydrogen peroxide (H O ), pH and leukotriene B (LTB ) are useful for detection and monitoring of inflammatory lung diseases, including asthma. Objective: To determine associations between EBC biomarkers and cytological and endoscopic definitions of lower airway inflammation (LAI) while controlling for sampling and environmental variables. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods: Clinical, endoscopic and airway cytological findings from 47 horses were compared with EBC pH and concentrations of H O and LTB by univariate and multivariable analyses. Dichotomous (presence/absence of airway inflammation) and continuous outcome variables (differential cell counts in tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) were evaluated and potential effects of collection and methodological factors were included. Results: EBC pH and H O concentrations were higher in horses with LAI and both were positively associated with the percentage of neutrophils in BALF (P<0.05). Mast cell percentage in BALF was negatively associated with EBC pH, and BALF eosinophil percentage was positively associated with EBC LTB (P<0.05). Ambient temperature, relative humidity and assay methodology significantly impacted some analytes. Conclusions: LAI is challenging to categorise due to a variety of clinical and cytological phenotypes. Although the study was designed to overcome this limitation, numbers of horses were small in some categories. Conclusions: EBC pH and H O concentrations are altered by airway inflammation, suggesting a role for these biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of airway disease. Environmental and methodological factors can influence these biomarkers and should be considered in the interpretation of results.
© 2018 EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2018-07-19 PubMed ID: 29917256DOI: 10.1111/evj.12979Google Scholar: Lookup The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
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The research article studies the potential of Exhaled Breath Condensate (EBC) analysis, focusing on its constituents, hydrogen peroxide, pH level, and Leukotriene B4, as indicators of airway inflammation. This method, being non-invasive, is a potential diagnostic tool for evaluating respiratory tract disorders in horses.
Objective of the Study
The aim was to ascertain the correlation between EBC biomarkers and the presence of Lower Airway Inflammation (LAI), while considering sampling and environmental variables. Distinctive cellular composition and signs in the horses’ airways were considered in this study which included 47 horses.
Methodology
- This cross-sectional study directly compared the EBC pH and concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and Leukotriene B4 with the clinical, endoscopic, and cytological findings from 47 horses.
- Both dichotomous (presence/absence of inflammation), and continuous variables (differential cell counts in tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) were evaluated.
- Impact of collection method and potential effects of methodological factors were also taken into account.
Findings of the Study
- It was found that EBC pH and hydrogen peroxide concentrations were higher in horses suffering from LAI. These factors were positively associated with the percentage of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in BALF.
- The percentage of mast cells (another type of white blood cell) in BALF was negatively associated with EBC pH.
- The percentage of eosinophils, a type of disease-fighting white blood cell, in BALF had a positive association with EBC Leukotriene B4.
- Various factors, including ambient temperature, relative humidity, and assay methodology, significantly influenced some of these analytes.
Conclusion
- Lower airway inflammation in horses is intricate due to several clinical and cytological phenotypes. As a result, more extensive research covering a larger variety of cases is necessary.
- However, the study did deduce that EBC pH and hydrogen peroxide concentrations change due to airway inflammation, indicating their usefulness as biomarkers in diagnosing and managing airway diseases in horses.
- It is also necessary to factor in environmental and methodological aspects when interpreting these biomarkers.
Cite This Article
APA
du Preez S, Raidal SL, Doran GS, Prescott M, Hughes KJ.
(2018).
Exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide, pH and leukotriene B4 are associated with lower airway inflammation and airway cytology in the horse.
Equine Vet J, 51(1), 24-32.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12979 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
- Quantitative Consulting Unit, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
MeSH Terms
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Biomarkers / analysis
- Breath Tests
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / cytology
- Bronchoscopy / veterinary
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Eosinophils / cytology
- Female
- Hemorrhage / diagnosis
- Hemorrhage / veterinary
- Horse Diseases / diagnosis
- Horse Diseases / metabolism
- Horses
- Hydrogen Peroxide / analysis
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Inflammation / veterinary
- Leukotriene B4 / analysis
- Linear Models
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neutrophils / cytology
- Prospective Studies
- Respiratory System / chemistry
- Respiratory System / cytology
- Respiratory System / pathology
- Respiratory Tract Diseases / diagnosis
- Respiratory Tract Diseases / metabolism
- Respiratory Tract Diseases / veterinary
Grant Funding
- Charles Sturt University
Citations
This article has been cited 5 times.- Janssen P, Tosi I, Hego A, Maréchal P, Marichal T, Radermecker C. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Found in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluids of Horses With Severe Asthma and Correlate With Asthma Severity. Front Immunol 2022;13:921077.
- Simões J, Batista M, Tilley P. The Immune Mechanisms of Severe Equine Asthma-Current Understanding and What Is Missing. Animals (Basel) 2022 Mar 16;12(6).
- Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:450.
- Barbosa B, Santi TF, Rodak AC, Nogara MF, Leite LMB, Weber SH, Niels C, Daros RR, Michelotto PV. Intraday and Interday Evaluation of pH and Hydrogen Peroxide in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Horses Using A Portable Device. ACS Omega 2025 Oct 21;10(41):48412-48417.
- Jacobs AI, Prete MC, Lesch A, Sebio AA, Teixeira Tarley CR, Swain GM. Measurement of Human and Bovine Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Using Polyaniline-Modified Flexible Inkjet-Printed Nanocarbon Electrodes. ACS Omega 2024 Oct 1;9(39):40841-40856.
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