FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Cell Infect Microbiol / Exploring the distinctive characteristics of gut microbiota ...
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025; 15; 1590839; doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1590839

Exploring the distinctive characteristics of gut microbiota across different horse breeds and ages using metataxonomics.

Abstract: Gut microbiota exerts a pivotal function in host nutrient metabolism and maturation of the mucosal immunity. Analyzing the reciprocal interaction between horses and gut microbiota constitutes a crucial aspect of scientific feeding practices. This study aims to investigate the differences in gut microbiota among Hequ horses, Mongolian horses, and Thoroughbred horses, as well as between Thoroughbred horses at two age stages. Unassigned: Paired-end sequencing with a read length of 2×250 bp targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples was carried out. Subsequently, differences in the diversity, composition, and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota among the groups were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Horse breeds were associated with variations in the gut microbiota. Microbial diversity, the proportion of commensal bacteria from Bacillota and Bacteroidota, and bacterial communities involved in dietary fiber metabolisms were significantly higher in the gut of the Hequ horses than in the gut of the Mongolian and Thoroughbred horses. The highest Bacillota to Bacteroidota (B/B) ratio and enrichment of bacterial communities involved in the metabolism of bile acids, lipids, and amino acids in the gut of the Mongolian horses resulted in significantly higher lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism than in the other two breeds. The bacterial communities enriched in the gut of Thoroughbred horses were primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism, but the level of energy metabolism was significantly lower than in Hequ horses. (2) The results also showed an association between age and gut microbiota of Thoroughbred horses. The alpha diversity, B/B ratio, and 83.33% of metabolic pathways did not differ significantly between younger and older Thoroughbred horses. However, there were significant differences between the two age groups in beta diversity, composition of glycolytic bacteria, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and energy metabolism of gut microbiota. Unassigned: Collectively, these results point to an association between the breed of horses or the age of Thoroughbred horses with variations in gut microbiota. The current findings will serve as a reference for improving feeding strategies for horses.
Copyright © 2025 Qin, Xi, Zhao, Han, Qu, Xu and Weng.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-07-07 PubMed ID: 40692682PubMed Central: PMC12277257DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1590839Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper examines the differences in gut microbiota across different breeds of horses and different ages of Thoroughbred horses, finding variations linked to breed and age. The study provides important information for improving horse feeding strategies.

Research Methodology

  • The method involved a paired-end sequencing approach of 2×250 bp read length. It targeted the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene in fecal samples from Hequ horses, Mongolian horses, and Thoroughbred horses.
  • Researchers then examined the differences in diversity, composition and metabolic pathways of gut microbiota amongst the different breeds and age groups.

Key Findings

  • There was a strong link between horse breed and variations in gut microbiota.
  • The Hequ horses had significantly higher microbial diversity, larger proportions of commensal bacteria strains such as Bacillota and Bacteroidota, and higher numbers of bacterial communities involved in dietary fiber metabolisms.
  • Mongolian horses had a higher Bacillota to Bacteroidota (B/B) ratio, and a higher enrichment of bacterial communities involved in the metabolism of bile acids, lipids, and amino acids. This suggested significantly higher lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism than the other two breeds.
  • The Thoroughbred horses’ gut microbiota primarily participated in carbohydrate metabolism, but showed significantly lower energy metabolism levels than Hequ horses.
  • Age was also shown to affect the gut microbiota of Thoroughbred horses. The alpha diversity, B/B ratio, and majority of metabolic pathways did not differ significantly between younger and older Thoroughbred horses.
  • However, notable differences were observed between the two age groups. These differences involved beta diversity, composition of glycolytic bacteria, metabolism of cofactors, vitamins, and energy metabolism of gut microbiota.

Conclusion

  • Overall, the research has found a clear correlation between the breed of horses and the variations in their gut microbiota. There were also differences noted between younger and older Thoroughbred horses.
  • The researchers believe these findings could be important for refining feeding strategies for horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Qin X, Xi L, Zhao L, Han J, Qu H, Xu Y, Weng W. (2025). Exploring the distinctive characteristics of gut microbiota across different horse breeds and ages using metataxonomics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 15, 1590839. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1590839

Publication

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
ISSN: 2235-2988
NlmUniqueID: 101585359
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 15
Pages: 1590839
PII: 1590839

Researcher Affiliations

Qin, Xinxi
  • College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Xi, Li
  • College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Zhao, Longfei
  • College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Han, Jincheng
  • College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Qu, Hongxia
  • College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Xu, Yajun
  • College of Biology and Food, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, China.
Weng, Weiping
  • Department of Research and Development, Inner Mongolia Huatian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chifeng, China.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / microbiology
  • Gastrointestinal Microbiome
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics
  • Feces / microbiology
  • Bacteria / classification
  • Bacteria / genetics
  • Bacteria / isolation & purification
  • Bacteria / metabolism
  • Age Factors
  • Metagenomics / methods
  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
  • Biodiversity
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA

Conflict of Interest Statement

Author WW was employed by Inner Mongolia Huatian Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 77 references
  1. Adams VJ, LeBlanc N, Penell J. Results of a clinical trial showing changes to the faecal microbiome in racing Thoroughbreds after feeding a nutritional supplement. Vet. Sci. 2022;10:27.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10010027pmc: PMC9861731pubmed: 36669028google scholar: lookup
  2. Ahmad AA, Zhang J, Liang Z, Du M, Yang Y, Zheng J. Age-dependent variations in rumen bacterial community of Mongolian cattle from weaning to adulthood. BMC Microbiol. 2022;22:213.
    doi: 10.1186/s12866-022-02627-6pmc: PMC9450343pubmed: 36071396google scholar: lookup
  3. Ai YH, Wang XS. Research progress of Mongolian horse nutrition. Feed Res. 2019;42:125–128.
    doi: 10.13557/j.cnki.issn1002-2813.2019.06.034google scholar: lookup
  4. Akter R, El-Hage CM, Sansom FM, Carrick J, Devlin JM, Legione AR. Metagenomic investigation of potential abortigenic pathogens in foetal tissues from Australian horses. BMC Genomics 2021;22:713.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-021-08010-5pmc: PMC8487468pubmed: 34600470google scholar: lookup
  5. Altermann E, Klaenhammer TR. PathwayVoyager: pathway mapping using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. BMC Genomics 2005;6:60.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-60pmc: PMC1112592pubmed: 15869710google scholar: lookup
  6. Arnold CE, Pilla R, Chaffin MK, Leatherwood JL, Wickersham TA, Callaway TR. The effects of signalment, diet, geographic location, season, and colitis associated with antimicrobial use or Salmonella infection on the fecal microbiome of horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2021;35:2437–2448.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16206pmc: PMC8478058pubmed: 34268795google scholar: lookup
  7. Ayoub C, Arroyo LG, Renaud D, Weese JS, Gomez DE. Fecal microbiota comparison between healthy teaching horses and client-owned horses. J. Equine. Vet. Sci. 2022;1:104105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104105pubmed: 36058504google scholar: lookup
  8. Bailey E, Finno CJ, Cullen JN, Kalbfleisch T, Petersen JL. Analyses of whole-genome sequences from 185 North American Thoroughbred horses, spanning 5 generations. Sci. Rep. 2024;14:22930.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-73645-9pmc: PMC11447028pubmed: 39358442google scholar: lookup
  9. Bao T, Han H, Li B, Zhao Y, Bou G, Zhang X. The distinct transcriptomes of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles in Mongolian horses. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part D Genomics Proteomics 2020;33:100649.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100649pubmed: 31869634google scholar: lookup
  10. Baraille M, Buttet M, Grimm P, Milojevic V, Julliand S, Julliand V. Changes of faecal bacterial communities and microbial fibrolytic activity in horses aged from 6 to 30 years old. PloS One 2024;19:e0303029.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303029pmc: PMC11146703pubmed: 38829841google scholar: lookup
  11. Biddle AS, Tomb JF, Fan Z. Microbiome and blood analyte differences point to community and metabolic signatures in lean and obese horses. Front. Vet. Sci. 2018;5.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00225pmc: PMC6158370pubmed: 30294603google scholar: lookup
  12. Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 2014;30:2114–2120.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170pmc: PMC4103590pubmed: 24695404google scholar: lookup
  13. Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019;37:852–857.
    doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0209-9pmc: PMC7015180pubmed: 31341288google scholar: lookup
  14. Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJ, Holmes SP. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 2016;13:581–583.
    doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3869pmc: PMC4927377pubmed: 27214047google scholar: lookup
  15. Cho HY, Lee GY, Ali MS, Park SC. Effects of dietary intake of heat-inactivated Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 on the growth performance, immune response, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. Pak. Vet. J. 2024;44:819–825.
    doi: 10.29261/pakvetj/2024.224google scholar: lookup
  16. Chu HZ, Meng J, Tan XH, Yao XK, Wei RY, Liu J. Analysis and study on the growth of 8–11 months Ili colts of different male parents by supplementation. Xinjiang Agric. Sci. 2012;49:926–933.
    doi: 10.6048/j.issn.1001-4330.2012.05.024google scholar: lookup
  17. Collinet A, Grimm P, Julliand S, Julliand V. Sequential modulation of the Equine fecal microbiota and fibrolytic capacity following two consecutive abrupt dietary changes and bacterial supplementation. Anim. (Basel) 2021;11:1278.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051278pmc: PMC8144951pubmed: 33946811google scholar: lookup
  18. Costa MC, Stämpfli HR, Allen-Vercoe E, Weese JS. Development of the faecal microbiota in foals. Equine. Vet. J. 2016;48:681–688.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12532pubmed: 26518456google scholar: lookup
  19. De La Torre U, Henderson JD, Furtado KL, Pedroja M, Elenamarie O, Mora A. Utilizing the fecal microbiota to understand foal gut transitions from birth to weaning. PloS One 2019;14:e0216211.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216211pmc: PMC6490953pubmed: 31039168google scholar: lookup
  20. Dong Z, Zhang D, Wu X, Yin Y, Wan D. Ferrous bisglycinate supplementation modulates intestinal antioxidant capacity via the AMPK/FOXO pathway and reconstitutes gut microbiota and bile acid profiles in pigs. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2022;70:4942–4951.
    doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00138pubmed: 35420025google scholar: lookup
  21. Dougal K, de la Fuente G, Harris PA, Girdwood SE, Pinloche E, Geor RJ. Characterisation of the faecal bacterial community in adult and elderly horses fed a high fibre, high oil or high starch diet using 454 pyrosequencing. PloS One 2014;9:87424.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087424pmc: PMC3913607pubmed: 24504261google scholar: lookup
  22. Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld J, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat. Biotechnol. 2020;38:685–688.
    doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-0548-6pmc: PMC7365738pubmed: 32483366google scholar: lookup
  23. Ericsson AC, Johnson PJ, Lopes MA, Perry SC, Lanter HR. A microbiological map of the healthy Equine gastrointestinal tract. PloS One 2016;11:e0166523.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166523pmc: PMC5112786pubmed: 27846295google scholar: lookup
  24. Fei Y, Zhang S, Han S, Qiu B, Lu Y, Huang W. The role of Dihydroresveratrol in enhancing the synergistic effect of Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 and Resveratrol in Ameliorating colitis in mice. Res. (Wash D C) 2022;2022:9863845.
    doi: 10.34133/2022/9863845pmc: PMC9275091pubmed: 35935130google scholar: lookup
  25. Garber A, Hastie P, Murray JA. Factors influencing Equine gut microbiota: Current knowledge. J. Equine. Vet. Sci. 2020;88:102943.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.102943pubmed: 32303307google scholar: lookup
  26. Gharechahi J, Vahidi MF, Ding XZ, Han JL, Salekdeh GH. Temporal changes in microbial communities attached to forages with different lignocellulosic compositions in cattle rumen. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2020;96:fiaa069.
    doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa069pubmed: 32304321google scholar: lookup
  27. Gower JC. Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 1996;53.
    doi: 10.1093/biomet/53.3-4.325google scholar: lookup
  28. Han H, Zhang L, Shang Y, Wang M, Phillips CJC, Wang Y. Replacement of maize silage and soyabean meal with mulberry silage in the diet of Hu lambs on growth, gastrointestinal tissue morphology, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial diversity. Anim. (Basel) 2022;12:1406.
    doi: 10.3390/ani12111406pmc: PMC9179289pubmed: 35681869google scholar: lookup
  29. Hernández-Quiroz F, Murugesan S, Flores-Rivas C, Piña-Escobedo A, Juárez-Hernández J, García-Espitia M. A high-throughput DNA sequencing study of fecal bacteria of seven Mexican horse breeds. Arch. Microbiol. 2022;204:382.
    doi: 10.1007/s00203-022-03009-2pubmed: 35687150google scholar: lookup
  30. Jiang F, Gao H, Qin W, Song P, Wang H, Zhang J. Marked seasonal variation in structure and function of gut microbiota in forest and alpine Musk deer. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.699797pmc: PMC8450597pubmed: 34552569google scholar: lookup
  31. Jin L, Huang Y, Yang S, Wu D, Li C, Deng W. Diet, habitat environment and lifestyle conversion affect the gut microbiomes of giant pandas. Sci. Total Environ. 2021;770:145316.
    doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145316pubmed: 33517011google scholar: lookup
  32. Jize Z, Zhuoga D, Xiaoqing Z, Na T, Jiacuo G, Cuicheng L. Different feeding strategies can affect growth performance and rumen functions in Gangba sheep as revealed by integrated transcriptome and microbiome analyses. Front. Microbiol. 2022;13.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.908326pmc: PMC9449551pubmed: 36090079google scholar: lookup
  33. Kim NY, Seong HS, Kim DC, Park NG, Yang BC, Son JK. Genome-wide analyses of the Jeju, Thoroughbred, and Jeju crossbred horse populations using the high density SNP array. Genes Genomics 2018;40:1249–1258.
    doi: 10.1007/s13258-018-0722-0pubmed: 30099720google scholar: lookup
  34. Kim SW, Oh MH, Jun SH, Jeon H, Kim SI, Kim K. Outer membrane Protein A plays a role in pathogenesis of. Virulence 2016;7:413–426.
    doi: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1140298pmc: PMC4871641pubmed: 26759990google scholar: lookup
  35. Kmezik C, Krska D, Mazurkewich S, Larsbrink J. Characterization of a novel multidomain CE15-GH8 enzyme encoded by a polysaccharide utilization locus in the human gut bacterium Bacteroides eggerthii. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:17662.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96659-zpmc: PMC8417218pubmed: 34480044google scholar: lookup
  36. Kobayashi R, Nagaoka K, Nishimura N, Koike S, Takahashi E, Niimi K. Comparison of the fecal microbiota of two monogastric herbivorous and five omnivorous mammals. Anim. Sci. J. 2020;91:e13366.
    doi: 10.1111/asj.13366pmc: PMC7216987pubmed: 32285557google scholar: lookup
  37. Lara F, Castro R, Thomson P. Changes in the gut microbiome and colic in horses: Are they causes or consequences?. Open Vet. J. 2022;12:242–249.
    doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i2.12pmc: PMC9109837pubmed: 35603065google scholar: lookup
  38. Leng J, Moller-Levet C, Mansergh RI, O’Flaherty R, Cooke R, Sells P. Early-life gut bacterial community structure predicts disease risk and athletic performance in horses bred for racing. Sci. Rep. 2024;14:17124.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-64657-6pmc: PMC11306797pubmed: 39112552google scholar: lookup
  39. Li Y, Lan Y, Zhang S, Wang X. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota between healthy and diarrheic horses. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.882423pmc: PMC9108932pubmed: 35585860google scholar: lookup
  40. Li C, Li X, Guo R, Ni W, Liu K, Liu Z. Expanded catalogue of metagenome-assembled genomes reveals resistome characteristics and athletic performance-associated microbes in horse. Microbiome 2023;11:7.
    doi: 10.1186/s40168-022-01448-zpmc: PMC9835274pubmed: 36631912google scholar: lookup
  41. Li Y, Liu C, Liu Q, Liu W. Comparative genomic analysis reveals intestinal habitat adaptation of Ligilactobacillus equi rich in prophage and degrading cellulase. Molecules 2022;27:1867.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules27061867pmc: PMC8952416pubmed: 35335231google scholar: lookup
  42. Lindenberg FC, Lützhøft DO, Krych L, Fielden J, Kot W, Frøkiær H. An Oligosaccharide rich diet increases Akkermansia spp. bacteria in the Equine microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.666039pmc: PMC8176217pubmed: 34093482google scholar: lookup
  43. Liu J, Wang JK, Zhu W, Pu YY, Guan LL, Liu JX. Monitoring the rumen pectinolytic bacteria Treponema saccharophilum using real-time PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2014;87:576–585.
    doi: 10.1111/1574-6941.12246pubmed: 24289046google scholar: lookup
  44. Lozupone C, Knight R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005;71:8228–8235.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005pmc: PMC1317376pubmed: 16332807google scholar: lookup
  45. Lv S, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Meng S, Pu Y, Liu X. Diversity of the fecal microbiota in Chinese ponies. Front. Vet. Sci. 2023;10.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1102186pmc: PMC9909481pubmed: 36777669google scholar: lookup
  46. Ma J, Liu Z, Gao X, Bao Y, Hong Y, He X. Gut microbiota remodeling improves natural aging-related disorders through Akkermansia muciniphila and its derived acetic acid. Pharmacol. Res. 2023;189:106687.
    doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106687pubmed: 36746362google scholar: lookup
  47. Mach N, Lansade L, Bars-Cortina D, Dhorne-Pollet S, Foury A, Moisan MP. Gut microbiota resilience in horse athletes following holidays out to pasture. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:5007.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84497-ypmc: PMC7930273pubmed: 33658551google scholar: lookup
  48. Mach N, Midoux C, Leclercq S, Pennarun S, Le Moyec L, Rué O. Mining the equine gut metagenome: poorly-characterized taxa associated with cardiovascular fitness in endurance athletes. Commun. Biol. 2022;5:1032.
    doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03977-7pmc: PMC9529974pubmed: 36192523google scholar: lookup
  49. Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMB net J. 2011;17:10–12.
    doi: 10.14806/ej.17.1.200google scholar: lookup
  50. Massacci FR, Clark A, Ruet A, Lansade L, Costa M, Mach N. Inter-breed diversity and temporal dynamics of the faecal microbiota in healthy horses. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 2020;137:103–120.
    doi: 10.1111/jbg.12441pubmed: 31523867google scholar: lookup
  51. McGivney BA, Han H, Corduff LR, Katz LM, Tozaki T, MacHugh DE. Genomic inbreeding trends, influential sire lines and selection in the global Thoroughbred horse population. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:466.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-57389-5pmc: PMC6965197pubmed: 31949252google scholar: lookup
  52. Morrison PK, Newbold CJ, Jones E, Worgan HJ, Grove-White DH, Dugdale AH. The equine gastrointestinal microbiome: Impacts of age and obesity. Front. Microbiol. 2018;9.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03017pmc: PMC6293011pubmed: 30581426google scholar: lookup
  53. Park T, Yoon J, Kim A, Unno T, Yun Y. Comparison of the gut microbiota of Jeju and Thoroughbred horses in Korea. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:81.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci8050081pmc: PMC8151153pubmed: 34064714google scholar: lookup
  54. Parks DH, Beiko RG. Identifying biologically relevant differences between metagenomic communities. Bioinformatics 2010;26:715–721.
    doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq041pubmed: 20130030google scholar: lookup
  55. Petry AL, Patience JF, Huntley NF, Koester LR, Bedford MR, Schmitz-Esser S. Xylanase supplementation modulates the microbiota of the large intestine of pigs fed corn-based fiber by means of a stimbiotic mechanism of action. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.619970pmc: PMC8024495pubmed: 33841350google scholar: lookup
  56. Pourramezan Z, Ghezelbash GR, Romani B, Ziaei S, Hedayatkhah A. Screening and identification of newly isolated cellulose-degrading bacteria from the gut of xylophagous termite Microcerotermes diversus (Silvestri). Mikrobiologiia 2012;81:796–802.
    doi: 10.1134/S0026261712060124pubmed: 23610931google scholar: lookup
  57. Qu W, Yuan X, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Hu J, Wang J. Dietary advanced glycation end products modify gut microbial composition and partially increase colon permeability in rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2017;61:1700118.
    doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700118pubmed: 28621836google scholar: lookup
  58. Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:590–596.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1219pmc: PMC3531112pubmed: 23193283google scholar: lookup
  59. Rehman AU, Khan AI, Xin Y, Liang W. Morchella esculenta polysaccharide attenuate obesity, inflammation and modulate gut microbiota. AMB Express 2022;12:114.
    doi: 10.1186/s13568-022-01451-5pmc: PMC9440975pubmed: 36056976google scholar: lookup
  60. Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12:R60.
    doi: 10.1186/s13568-022-01451-5pmc: PMC3218848pubmed: 21702898google scholar: lookup
  61. Song X, Zhong L, Lyu N, Liu F, Li B, Hao Y. Inulin can alleviate metabolism disorders in ob/ob mice by partially restoring leptin-related pathways mediated by gut microbiota. Genomics Proteomics Bioinf. 2019;17:64–75.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.03.001pmc: PMC6520907pubmed: 31026583google scholar: lookup
  62. Su S, Zhao Y, Liu Z, Liu G, Du M, Wu J. Characterization and comparison of the bacterial microbiota in different gastrointestinal tract compartments of Mongolian horses. Microbiologyopen 2020;9:1085–1101.
    doi: 10.1002/mbo3.1020pmc: PMC7294312pubmed: 32153142google scholar: lookup
  63. Theelen MJP, Luiken REC, Wagenaar JA, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Rossen JWA, Zomer AL. The Equine faecal microbiota of healthy horses and ponies in the Netherlands: Impact of host and environmental factors. Anim. (Basel) 2021;11:1762.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11061762pmc: PMC8231505pubmed: 34204691google scholar: lookup
  64. van der Kolk JH, Endimiani A, Graubner C, Gerber V, Perreten V. Acinetobacter in veterinary medicine, with an emphasis on Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist. 2019;16:59–71.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.08.011pubmed: 30144636google scholar: lookup
  65. Vermorel M, Martin-Rosset W. Concepts, scientific bases, structure and validation of the French horse net energy system (UFC). Livestock Production Sci. 1997;47:0–275.
    doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(96)01410-8google scholar: lookup
  66. Wang D, Zeng J, Ma H, Fouad D, Su Z. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota between two horse species. Pak. Vet. J. 2024;44:449–457.
    doi: 10.29261/pakvetj/2024.151google scholar: lookup
  67. Waters JL, Ley RE. The human gut bacteria Christensenellaceae are widespread, heritable, and associated with health. BMC Biol. 2019;17:83.
    doi: 10.1186/s12915-019-0699-4pmc: PMC6819567pubmed: 31660948google scholar: lookup
  68. Weinert-Nelson JR, Biddle AS, Williams CA. Fecal microbiome of horses transitioning between warm-season and cool-season grass pasture within integrated rotational grazing systems. Anim. Microbiome 2022;4:41.
    doi: 10.1186/s42523-022-00192-xpmc: PMC9210719pubmed: 35729677google scholar: lookup
  69. Wen X, Luo S, Lv D, Jia C, Zhou X, Zhai Q. Variations in the fecal microbiota and their functions of Thoroughbred, Mongolian, and Hybrid horses. Front. Vet. Sci. 2022;9.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.920080pmc: PMC9366519pubmed: 35968025google scholar: lookup
  70. Xie Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Gong S, Mo Q, Li J. Characteristics and dynamic changes of gut microbiota in cats with colitis. Pak. Vet. J. 2024;44:414–422.
    doi: 10.29261/pakvetj/2024.175google scholar: lookup
  71. Yan Q, Zhang S, Li S, Wang G, Zhang A, Jin T. Cultivation and genomic characterization of the bile bacterial species from cholecystitis patients. Front. Microbiol. 2021;12.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.739621pmc: PMC8591784pubmed: 34790179google scholar: lookup
  72. Yan ZQ, Zhu CY, Ma ZT, Mao HX, Wei HL, Wang L. Research progress on the germplasm resources of Hequ horse. Gansu Anim. Husb. Vet. 2022;52:1–5.
    doi: 10.15979/j.cnki.cn62-1064/s.2022.01.020google scholar: lookup
  73. Yang J, Wang Y, Cui X, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Do different livestock dwellings on single grassland share similar faecal microbial communities?. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019;103:5023–5037.
    doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-09849-1pubmed: 31055653google scholar: lookup
  74. Zhang X, Liu Y, Li L, Ma W, Bai D, Dugarjaviin M. Physiological and metabolic responses of Mongolian horses to a 20 km endurance exercise and screening for new oxidative-imbalance biomarkers. Anim. (Basel) 2025;15:1350.
    doi: 10.3390/ani15091350pmc: PMC12071025pubmed: 40362165google scholar: lookup
  75. Zhang K, Su ZP, Xu Y, Li QL, Wang Y, Liu L. Isolation and identification of cellulose-degrading bacteria in the posterior intestine. Biotic Resour. 2020;42:228–233.
    doi: 10.14188/j.ajsh.2020.02.010google scholar: lookup
  76. Zhao L, Xu Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhong J. Isolation, whole genome sequencing and analysis of a sp C5.1, capable of producing vitamin B. Food Sci. 2022;43:1–13.
    doi: 10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20220418-233google scholar: lookup
  77. Zhou Z, Tang L, Yan L, Jia H, Xiong Y, Shang J. Wild and captive environments drive the convergence of gut microbiota and impact health in threatened equids. Front. Microbiol. 2022;13.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.832410pmc: PMC9259803pubmed: 35814657google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.