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BMC veterinary research2025; 21(1); 474; doi: 10.1186/s12917-025-04890-x

First detection of equine hepacivirus RNA in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) in eastern Austria.

Abstract: Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) from the family, has been detected in horses worldwide with a global RNA prevalence of up to 7.9%. While vertical transmission and iatrogenic transmission with infected blood products have been demonstrated for this virus, field infection rates suggest an additional horizontal transmission route. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of (Diptera, Muscidae) – a hematophagous fly that is found in stables with ruminants and horses as preferred hosts– in the transmission of EqHV RNA. From 2021 to 2022, were collected from three horse barns in eastern Austria. The abdomen of each fly was separated from the head and thorax. The heads and thoraxes, including wings and legs were subsequently pooled, with a maximum of five flies per pool, and assayed for the presence of EqHV using a one-step RT-qPCR. For all positive pools, the corresponding abdomens were analysed individually using the same EqHV one-step RT-qPCR. A total of 783 were collected at the three locations. EqHV RNA was detected in 7/136 pools of heads and thoraxes, including wings and legs, in 2021 and in 7/53 pools in 2022. Most positive pools were detected in autumn. The Ct values of the RT-qPCR were close to the presumed limit of detection. Additionally, EqHV RNA could be detected in 34 of 40 abdomens from 2021 to 20 of 40 abdomens from 2022, validating the results of the positively tested head/thorax pools. The minimum infection rate (MIR) was 1.2% in 2021 and 3.9% in 2022. The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was 1.2% in 2021 and 3.9% in 2022. Although the amounts of viral RNA were close to the limit of detection, the positive abdomens confirmed an up-take of virus-contaminated blood by the flies, and viral RNA residues were detected in the head and thorax. These results indicate that may harbor EqHV in their head and thorax regions.
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Publication Date: 2025-07-17 PubMed ID: 40676642PubMed Central: PMC12273350DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04890-xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research focuses on the detection of an equine hepatitis virus, Equine Hepacivirus (EqHV), in a type of blood-feeding fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, in Eastern Austria. This suggests that the flies may be involved in the spread of this virus among equine populations.

Background of the Study

  • The study focuses on Equine Hepacivirus (EqHV), a type of virus known to infect horses worldwide with an RNA prevalence up to 7.9%.
  • Two known transmission routes have been identified for EqHV: vertical transmission (from parent to offspring) and iatrogenic transmission (via blood products).
  • However, high field infection rates suggest the existence of an additional horizontal transmission route, prompting the researchers to investigate potential vectors.
  • The research zeroes in on Stomoxys calcitrans, a blood-feeding fly commonly found in stables, as a potential vector carrying the virus.

Methodology

  • From 2021 to 2022, Stomoxys calcitrans flies were collected from three horse barns in Eastern Austria.
  • The flies were then divided into their abdomen and the head and thorax portions which include wings and legs. Up to five flies were then pooled together for analysis using a one-step RT-qPCR
  • Positively detected pools were later verified by analysing each corresponding abdomen individually using the same EqHV one-step RT-qPCR.

Results and Findings

  • Of the 783 flies collected, EqHV RNA was detected in several pooled samples both in 2021 and 2022 with a spike in detections during the autumn season.
  • Furthermore, EqHV RNA was also detected in individual abdomen segments in samples collected from both years.
  • The minimum infection rate (MIR) was 1.2% in 2021 and 3.9% in 2022, calculated based on the number of positive samples divided by the total population sampled.
  • The maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) was 1.2% in 2021 and 3.9% in 2022. This is similar to the MIR, but gives more weight to the fact that more than one mosquito in a sampled pool could have been infected.
  • Despite the RNA levels being near the limit of detection, the researchers concluded that the positive abdomens confirmed uptake of virus-contaminated blood by the flies, thereby indicating potential for EqHV transmission.

Significance of the Study

  • The research provides crucial insight on potential horizontal transmission routes of the EqHV.
  • The detection of EqHV in Stomoxys calcitrans suggests that these flies might play a role in the spread of the disease among horses.
  • The findings of this study could help inform disease control measures in the equine industry, particularly in stables infested by the Stomoxys calcitrans fly.

Cite This Article

APA
Frisch V, Ramsauer AS, Preining I, Unterköfler MS, Fuehrer HP, Hofer M, Lyrakis M, Bouhsira E, Liénard E, Cavalleri JV. (2025). First detection of equine hepacivirus RNA in Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) in eastern Austria. BMC Vet Res, 21(1), 474. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04890-x

Publication

BMC veterinary research
ISSN: 1746-6148
NlmUniqueID: 101249759
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 474
PII: 474

Researcher Affiliations

Frisch, Vicky
  • Equine Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
Ramsauer, Anna Sophie
  • Equine Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
  • Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 266a, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
Preining, Irina
  • Equine Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
Unterköfler, Maria S
  • Parasitology, Centre of Pathobiology, Department Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
Fuehrer, Hans-Peter
  • Parasitology, Centre of Pathobiology, Department Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
Hofer, Martin
  • Shared Facilities, VetCore, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
Lyrakis, Manolis
  • Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria.
Bouhsira, Emilie
  • InTheres, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, 31076, France.
Liénard, Emmanuel
  • InTheres, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, 31076, France.
Cavalleri, Jessika-M V
  • Equine Internal Medicine, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria. Jessika.Cavalleri@vetmeduni.ac.at.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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