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Virology journal2025; 22(1); 318; doi: 10.1186/s12985-025-02918-0

First report of West Nile virus infections in horses in Tunisia from 2018 to 2023.

Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod borne virus, the most widely distributed of the encephalitic Orthoflaviviruses. It can cause severe neurological symptoms in both humans and horses. It poses an emerging threat to both public and animal health. In this study, we retrospectively screened 25 suspected WNV samples collected from 2018 to 2023. Methods: A total number of 25 samples (brain tissue and blood) were collected from clinically affected horses and those already deceased across several locations in Tunisia. All samples were tested for the presence of WNV NS2A gene using qRT-PCR. Eleven positive samples underwent virus isolation in Vero cells and partial sequencing of their envelope (E) glycoprotein gene. The resulting sequences were analyzed to gain molecular and phylogenetic insights. Results: Eleven of the 25 (44%) samples were WNV positive and 11 partial E protein sequences were taken. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Tunisian isolates belonged to lineage 1a and were closely related to each other and formed a distinct group within the Mediterranean subtype of clade 1a. Tunisian WNV were characterized by the presence of a potential N-linked glycosylation site at residue 154-156 (Asn-Tyr-Ser) (NYS) and did not have the mutation E-I159V or E-I159A. Conclusions: Genomic monitoring of horses has revealed the circulation of WNV in several regions of Tunisia. Our findings highlight the critical need for prompt investigation of WNV infections in horses, as these cases may precede outbreaks of human cases in the country.
© 2025. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2025-10-01 PubMed ID: 41035042PubMed Central: PMC12486666DOI: 10.1186/s12985-025-02918-0Google Scholar: Lookup
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APA
Badr C, Handous M, Nsiri J, ElBehi I, Arbi M, Maaroufi A, Bennour MA, Ben Osman R, Dachraoui K, Abbes M, Mahmoudi A, Khosrof I, Abrougui S, Lachheb J, Zhioua E, Larbi I. (2025). First report of West Nile virus infections in horses in Tunisia from 2018 to 2023. Virol J, 22(1), 318. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02918-0

Publication

Virology journal
ISSN: 1743-422X
NlmUniqueID: 101231645
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 318
PII: 318

Researcher Affiliations

Badr, Chaima
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Handous, Mariem
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Nsiri, Jihene
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
ElBehi, Imen
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Arbi, Marwa
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Maaroufi, Abderrazak
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Bennour, Mohamed Ali
  • Ministry of Agriculture, Tunis, Tunisia.
Ben Osman, Raja
  • National Drug Control Laboratory, Vaccine Control Unit, Tunis, National Drug Control Laboratory, Vaccine Control Unit, Tunis, Tunisia.
Dachraoui, Khalil
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Abbes, Mondher
  • Minsitry of the Interior, Tunis, Directorate of Specialized Brigades, Ministry of the Interior, Tunis, Tunisia.
Mahmoudi, Anis
  • Minsitry of the Interior, Tunis, Directorate of Specialized Brigades, Ministry of the Interior, Tunis, Tunisia.
Khosrof, Ines
  • Horse Clinic, El Mbarka, Sidi Thabet, Horse Clinic, El Mbarka, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
Abrougui, Soufiene
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Lachheb, Jihene
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Zhioua, Elyes
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Larbi, Imen
  • Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia. imen.larbi@pasteur.tn.
  • Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia. imen.larbi@pasteur.tn.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Tunisia / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / veterinary
  • West Nile Fever / epidemiology
  • West Nile Fever / virology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • West Nile virus / genetics
  • West Nile virus / isolation & purification
  • West Nile virus / classification
  • Phylogeny
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / genetics
  • Chlorocebus aethiops
  • Vero Cells
  • Viral Nonstructural Proteins / genetics

Grant Funding

  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.
  • LR 16IPT03 / Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and was a part of the research program of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology. Institut Pasteur de Tunis.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics declarations: Not applicable.

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