Fumonsin B1, B2, and B3 content of commercial unprocessed maize imported into South Africa from Argentina and the USA during 1992.

This research article investigates the levels of fumonisins (a type of mold toxin) present in unprocessed corn imported into South Africa from the USA and Argentina in 1992. The study aims to ensure that the risk of fumonisin exposure, associated with various health consequences in both animals and humans, is minimized.

Background and Need for the Study

• Fusarium moniliforme is a widespread fungus that produces toxins called fumonisins.
• These toxins, specifically fumonisin B1, B2, and B3, are poisonous to both humans and animals.
• Since maize is a primary component of animal feed and a staple food for humans, it is crucial to monitor its fumonisin contamination.
• Animal diseases such as equine leukoencephalomalacia and porcine pulmonary edema are linked to fumonisin-heavy feed.
• People who consume maize-based diets with high fumonisin levels are prone to a higher risk of esophageal cancer, seen particularly in certain regions in South Africa and China.

Methodology of the Study

• The study involved sampling bulk imports of maize at South African ports of entry from Argentina and the USA.
• A total of 79 corn samples from two US shipments and 47 samples from two Argentinean shipments were taken and tested for fumonisin levels.

Findings of the Study

• All 79 samples from the US were found to be positive for fumonisin contamination.
• The content of fumonisin B1 (unsatisfactory mycotoxins) made up about 71% of the total detected fumonisins.
• The observed average of fumonisin was 2.35 micrograms/gFb1 with a maximum of 3.9 micrograms/g.
• In contrast, all Argentinean shipments were also found to be fumonisin positive but had a significantly lower mean value of 0.31 microgram/g and 0.7 microgram/g as a maximum observed level.

Implications of the Study

• The results demonstrate that fumonisin contamination is a critical issue in commercial maize shipped to South Africa from both the USA and Argentina.
• The presence of these toxins carries implications for public health and animal welfare, considering the associated risks of consuming fumonisin-contaminated food.
• The significantly higher concentration in US maize imports underlines the need for stringent quality control and monitoring to minimize fumonisin exposure.
• Continued monitoring and inspection of imported maize can help prevent the risk of diseases in humans and animals associated with high consumption of fumonisins.