Furosemide-induced electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses.
Abstract: Echinocytes have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of exertional diseases in horses. To evaluate the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated erythrocytes, we decreased blood sodium and potassium concentrations in 4 horses by administering furosemide (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h) for 2 days and we monitored CBC, serum and erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, and echinocyte numbers. Serum sodium concentration decreased progressively over the 48 hours of furosemide administration, then returned to near baseline concentration at 168 hours. A statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum potassium concentration was observed at 24, 48, and 72 hours after initial furosemide administration, and remained less than the baseline value at the end of the study. Mean erythrocyte potassium concentration decreased rapidly and remained low at the end of the study. Minimal changes were observed in erythrocyte sodium concentration during the first 72 hours after furosemide administration, but the value was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 168 hours. Type-I and type-II echinocyte numbers increased by 4 hours after furosemide administration and persisted throughout the study. Type-III echinocytes were not seen in baseline samples, but numbers increased only modestly after furosemide administration. Administration of epinephrine to well-hydrated horses increased echinocyte numbers only minimally, indicating that splenic contraction was not the likely cause for the furosemide-associated increase. To determine whether the decrease in erythrocyte potassium concentration and increase in sodium concentration was caused by furosemide acting directly on the erythrocyte membrane, we quantified erythrocyte potassium and sodium concentrations before and after incubation with furosemide in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Publication Date: 1992-10-01 PubMed ID: 1456517
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- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The research article investigates the association between the induction of certain blood cells called echinocytes in horses and the depletion of key electrolytes due to the administration of a drug called furosemide. The study conducted a treatment of horses with this medication and evaluated elements such as changes in blood sodium and potassium levels, and the occurrence of different types of echinocytes.
Research objectives and methodology
- The main purpose of this study was to ascertain whether echinocytes, which have been associated with certain exercise-related illnesses in horses, are in fact dehydrated red blood cells. This was prompted by the idea that key electrolytes like sodium and potassium play a crucial role in keeping cells hydrated.
- To test this hypothesis, the researchers administered furosemide to four horses and closely observed changes in the quantities of these key electrolytes and cells in the blood. Furosemide is a diuretic drug, which works by promoting increased production of urine, leading to a decrease in the body’s overall fluid volume.
Key findings
- The researchers found that the serum levels of sodium decreased gradually across 48 hours of furosemide administration and then made a near return to their baseline levels at 168 hours. Serum potassium levels, however, significantly decreased at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the initial furosemide treatment and remained below the baseline level when the study concluded.
- The decrease in potassium level within the red blood cells was quickly noted and remained low throughout the study period. The sodium levels within these cells, initially, did not witness significant changes, but by the end of study period, they had increased significantly.
- All these changes in electrolyte concentrations were associated with an increase in echinocytes within the blood. Administration of epinephrine to well-hydrated horses led to only a minimal increase in echinocytes, which led the researchers to suggest that furosemide-associated increase in echinocyte number was not likely due to splenic contraction.
Implications of the study
- These findings, while preliminary, could lend further insight into the understanding of exertional diseases within horses and the role of cell hydration status and specific electrolytes like sodium and potassium. As the premise of this research relies on the hypothetical association of echinocyte occurrence and dehydration, this investigation into furosemide-induced electrolyte changes could open up new areas of study in equine healthcare.
- The exploration of erythrocyte behavior during and after furosemide incubation in vitro expands previous knowledge about the drug’s direct impact. The researchers’ efforts to quantify erythrocyte concentrations of potassium and sodium before and after in vitro furosemide exposure signal valuable groundwork for subsequent research on how these electrolytes and others might affect erythrocyte function and form.
Cite This Article
APA
Weiss DJ, Geor R, Smith CM, McClay CB.
(1992).
Furosemide-induced electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses.
Am J Vet Res, 53(10), 1769-1772.
Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Desiccation
- Epinephrine
- Erythrocytes / drug effects
- Erythrocytes / pathology
- Furosemide / toxicity
- Horse Diseases / blood
- Horse Diseases / chemically induced
- Horses
- In Vitro Techniques
- Potassium Deficiency / blood
- Potassium Deficiency / chemically induced
- Potassium Deficiency / veterinary
- Sodium / blood
- Sodium / deficiency
- Spleen / drug effects
- Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / blood
- Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / chemically induced
- Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / veterinary
Citations
This article has been cited 2 times.- Christopher MM, Hawkins MG, Burton AG. Poikilocytosis in rabbits: prevalence, type, and association with disease. PLoS One 2014;9(11):e112455.
- Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Geor RJ. The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes: in vitro studies. Vet Res Commun 1994;18(5):373-81.
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