Generalized papillomatosis in three horses associated with a novel equine papillomavirus (EcPV8).
Abstract: Currently, seven equine papillomaviruses (PV) are known and are associated with one of three different and distinct clinical presentations. Objective: To report the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in horses with generalized papillomatosis associated with a novel equine PV, Equus caballus papillomavirus 8 (EcPV8). Methods: Three client-owned quarter horses. Methods: Case report, retrospective. Results: Dozens to thousands of papillomas involved the axilla, inguinal area and proximal limbs as well as the ventral and lateral neck, thorax and abdomen. Lesions were sometimes confluent in ventral areas. Fewer lesions were on the face, ears, distal limbs and genitalia. Plaque-type papillomas were small, 0.5 to 1.5 cm in diameter and hyperkeratotic. Histologically, plaque-type papillomas prominently involved follicular infundibula. Immunohistochemical findings demonstrated PV antigen in superficial keratinocyte nuclei. PCR using degenerate primers for the PV L1 gene and sequencing of amplicons revealed PV DNA sequences that were 98% identical for all three cases, but shared <70% identity to other PVs. Horses were otherwise healthy; serum immunoglobulin levels and peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotyping did not identify a known immunodeficiency syndrome. Lesions nearly completely resolved after 1.5 years in one horse and persisted for two years in another, despite intralesional human IFN-alpha treatment. The oldest horse was lost to follow-up. Conclusions: A novel equine papillomavirus (EcPV8) is associated with a distinct, plaque-type, generalized papillomatosis. Papillomas persisted for months to years, with or without treatment.
© 2017 ESVD and ACVD.
Publication Date: 2017-08-22 PubMed ID: 28833761DOI: 10.1111/vde.12481Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary
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The research article discusses a novel strain of equine papillomavirus (EcPV8) discovered in three horses suffering from generalized papillomatosis. The study outlines the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical details of the discovery, and notes that the papillomas persisted for extended periods, irrespective of treatment.
Research Overview
- The research started with the study of three client-owned quarter horses that displayed symptoms of generalized papillomatosis. This condition involves wide-scale development of papillomas – benign, irregular tissue growths similar to warts.
- The papillomas found were mostly in the axilla, inguinal area, proximal limbs, ventral and lateral neck, thorax, and abdomen of the horses. Fewer lesions were observed on the face, ears, distal limbs and genitalia.
New Strain of Papillomavirus
- The researchers found, through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method and sequencing of amplicons, DNA sequences that were 98% identical to each other in all three cases. However, these sequences shared less than 70% identity with those of other known papillomaviruses.
- This marked disparity led researchers to identify this as a new strain of equine papillomavirus, given the name EcPV8.
Persistent Lesions and Treatment
- The researchers noted that the horses were otherwise healthy, and there was no identified immunodeficiency syndrome according to serum immunoglobulin levels and peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotyping.
- The papilloma lesions were persistent, with one case almost completely resolving after 1.5 years and another persisting for two years, despite treatment with intralesional human interferon-alpha.
- The oldest horse among the three was lost to follow up, hence providing no data on the eventual fate of the lesions.
Concluding Observations
- The research concluded by highlighting the significant discovery of the novel equine papillomavirus strain, EcPV8.
- This new strain is associated with a distinct form of generalized papillomatosis, characterized by small, hyperkeratotic plaque-type papillomas.
- The papillomas associated with this strain displayed long-lasting persistence, irrespective of applied treatments.
Cite This Article
APA
Linder KE, Bizikova P, Luff J, Zhou D, Yuan H, Breuhaus B, Nelson E, Mackay R.
(2017).
Generalized papillomatosis in three horses associated with a novel equine papillomavirus (EcPV8).
Vet Dermatol, 29(1), 72-e30.
https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12481 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 37th Street, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 37th Street, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Female
- Horse Diseases / pathology
- Horse Diseases / virology
- Horses / virology
- Male
- Papilloma / etiology
- Papilloma / pathology
- Papilloma / veterinary
- Papilloma / virology
- Papillomaviridae
- Papillomavirus Infections / complications
- Papillomavirus Infections / pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections / veterinary
- Papillomavirus Infections / virology
- Skin / pathology
- Skin / virology
- Skin Neoplasms / etiology
- Skin Neoplasms / pathology
- Skin Neoplasms / veterinary
- Skin Neoplasms / virology
Citations
This article has been cited 13 times.- Maggi R, De Paolis L, De Santis D, Vellone VG, De Ciucis CG, Fruscione F, Mazzocco K, Ghelardi A, Marruchella G, Razzuoli E. Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 Infection in an Equine Congenital Papilloma. Pathogens 2023 Aug 18;12(8).
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- Ramsauer AS, Wachoski-Dark GL, Fraefel C, Tobler K, Brandt S, Knight CG, Favrot C, Grest P. Paving the way for more precise diagnosis of EcPV2-associated equine penile lesions. BMC Vet Res 2019 Oct 22;15(1):356.
- Li CX, Chang WS, Mitsakos K, Rodger J, Holmes EC, Hudson BJ. Identification of a Novel Equine Papillomavirus in Semen from a Thoroughbred Stallion with a Penile Lesion. Viruses 2019 Aug 4;11(8).
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- Luff JA, Burns RE, Mader M, Priest KD, Tuttle AD. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma associated with Zalophus californianus papillomavirus 1 in a California sea lion. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018 Jul;30(4):572-575.
- Tuomisto L, Virtanen J, Kegler K, Levanov L, Sukura A, Sironen T, Kareskoski M. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)-associated benign penile lesions and squamous cell carcinomas. Vet Med Sci 2024 Jan;10(1):e1342.
- Munday JS, Knight CG, Luff JA. Papillomaviral skin diseases of humans, dogs, cats and horses: A comparative review. Part 1: Papillomavirus biology and hyperplastic lesions. Vet J 2022 Oct;288:105897.
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