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Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE2019; 51(1); 35; doi: 10.1186/s12711-019-0480-8

Genetic variability and history of a native Finnish horse breed.

Abstract: The Finnhorse was established as a breed more than 110 years ago by combining local Finnish landraces. Since its foundation, the breed has experienced both strong directional selection, especially for size and colour, and severe population bottlenecks that are connected with its initial foundation and subsequent changes in agricultural and forestry practices. Here, we used sequences of the mitochondrial control region and genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to estimate the genetic diversity and differentiation of the four Finnhorse breeding sections: trotters, pony-sized horses, draught horses and riding horses. Furthermore, we estimated inbreeding and effective population sizes over time to infer the history of this breed. Results: We found a high level of mitochondrial genetic variation and identified 16 of the 18 haplogroups described in present-day horses. Interestingly, one of these detected haplogroups was previously reported only in the Przewalski's horse. Female effective population sizes were in the thousands, but declines were evident at the times when the breed and its breeding sections were founded. By contrast, nuclear variation and effective population sizes were small (approximately 50). Nevertheless, inbreeding in Finnhorses was lower than in many other horse breeds. Based on nuclear SNP data, genetic differentiation among the four breeding sections was strongest between the draught horses and the three other sections (F = 0.007-0.018), whereas based on mitochondrial DNA data, it was strongest between the trotters and the pony-sized and riding horses (Φ = 0.054-0.068). Conclusions: The existence of a Przewalski's horse haplogroup in the Finnhorse provides new insights into the domestication of the horse, and this finding supports previous suggestions of a close relationship between the Finnhorse and eastern primitive breeds. The high level of mitochondrial DNA variation in the Finnhorse supports its domestication from a large number of mares but also reflects that its founding depended on many local landraces. Although inbreeding in Finnhorses was lower than in many other horse breeds, the small nuclear effective population sizes of each of its breeding sections can be considered as a warning sign, which warrants changes in breeding practices.
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Publication Date: 2019-07-01 PubMed ID: 31262246PubMed Central: PMC6604459DOI: 10.1186/s12711-019-0480-8Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research focuses on the genetic diversity, history, and development of the Finnhorse breed over its 110-year existence. The results suggest that despite indications of inbreeding and a small effective population size, the horse previously evolved from a variety of local Finnish breeds and even shares a unique genetic marker with the Przewalski’s horse, an ancient Asian breed.

Study Methodology

  • The investigators examined the genetic outlines of the Finnhorse, a breed established over a century ago from local Finnish landraces (varieties). This was done through the assessment of mitochondrial control region sequences and genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which give information about genetic variability.
  • The research further aimed to understand the breed’s history via calculation of the inbreeding rate and effective population sizes throughout the years.
  • The team divided the research subjects into four breeding sections: trotters, pony-sized horses, draught horses, and riding horses to further understand genetic differentiation.

Results Outline

  • A high level of mitochondrial genetic variation was discovered within the breed, and 16 out of the 18 known horse haplogroups were identified. Remarkably, one haplogroup that was only found in the Przewalski’s horse previously, was also discovered in the Finnhorse.
  • Females in the population maintained high effective population sizes, but a decrease was noted around the time the breed and its breeding sections were founded.
  • Even though nuclear variation and effective population size were small, the level of inbreeding in Finnhorses was lower than many other horse breeds.
  • Genetic differentiation was strongest between the draught horses and the rest of the sections when using nuclear SNP data. However, when using mitochondrial DNA, the most differentiation happened between the trotters and the pony-sized and riding horses.

Conclusions

  • The presence of a Przewalski’s horse haplogroup in the Finnhorse offers fascinating new information about horse domestication. It supports previous claims of a close relationship between the Finnhorse and eastern primitive breeds.
  • Despite this high degree of mitochondrial genetic diversity, which points to a large number of female ancestors, the Finnhorse’s founding relied on many local breeds.
  • The lower levels of inbreeding in the Finnhorse compared to other breeds are promising, although the small nuclear effective population sizes in each of its breeding sections could be a concern for the future of the breed’s diversity, and suggests a need for change in current breeding practices.

Cite This Article

APA
Kvist L, Niskanen M, Mannermaa K, Wutke S, Aspi J. (2019). Genetic variability and history of a native Finnish horse breed. Genet Sel Evol, 51(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-019-0480-8

Publication

Genetics, selection, evolution : GSE
ISSN: 1297-9686
NlmUniqueID: 9114088
Country: France
Language: English
Volume: 51
Issue: 1
Pages: 35
PII: 35

Researcher Affiliations

Kvist, Laura
  • Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, POB 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland. laura.kvist@oulu.fi.
Niskanen, Markku
  • Research Unit of History, Culture and Communications, University of Oulu, POB 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
Mannermaa, Kristiina
  • Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, POB 24, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
Wutke, Saskia
  • Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, POB 111, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
Aspi, Jouni
  • Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, POB 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Breeding
  • DNA, Mitochondrial
  • Female
  • Finland
  • Genetic Variation
  • Horses / genetics
  • Inbreeding
  • Male
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • Population Density
  • Species Specificity

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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