FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Genes (Basel) / Genomic Regions Associated with IgE Levels against Culicoide...
Genes2019; 10(8); doi: 10.3390/genes10080597

Genomic Regions Associated with IgE Levels against Culicoides spp. Antigens in Three Horse Breeds.

Abstract: Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), which is a cutaneous allergic reaction to antigens from Culicoides spp., is the most prevalent skin disorder in horses. Misdiagnosis is possible, as IBH is usually diagnosed based on clinical signs. Our study is the first to employ IgE levels against several recombinant Culicoides spp. allergens as an objective, independent, and quantitative phenotype to improve the power to detect genetic variants that underlie IBH. Genotypes of 200 Shetland ponies, 127 Icelandic horses, and 223 Belgian Warmblood horses were analyzed while using a mixed model approach. No single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) passed the Bonferroni corrected significance threshold, but several regions were identified within and across breeds, which confirmed previously identified regions of interest and, in addition, identifying new regions of interest. Allergen-specific IgE levels are a continuous and objective phenotype that allow for more powerful analyses when compared to a case-control set-up, as more significant associations were obtained. However, the use of a higher density array seems necessary to fully employ the use of IgE levels as a phenotype. While these results still require validation in a large independent dataset, the use of allergen-specific IgE levels showed value as an objective and continuous phenotype that can deepen our understanding of the biology underlying IBH.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2019-08-08 PubMed ID: 31398914PubMed Central: PMC6723964DOI: 10.3390/genes10080597Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • Non-U.S. Gov't

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the genetic factors influencing the occurrence of Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), a common skin disorder in horses. The study utilized IgE levels, which represent the reaction of the horse’s immune system to insect bites, to locate genome regions possibly associated with IBH in three horse breeds.

Investigation Approach

The researchers explored the genotypes of three horse breeds – 200 Shetland ponies, 127 Icelandic horses, and 223 Belgian Warmblood horses – using a mixed model approach. They studied these genotypes to pinpoint single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are variants in a single DNA building block, linked to IBH. Allergen-specific IgE levels, i.e., levels of Immunoglobulin E produced in response to specific antigens from the Culicoides insect species causing IBH, were taken as a measure to determine the degree of susceptibility to the disorder in different horse breeds.

  • The study primarily concentrated on locating genomic regions related to the IgE antibody levels against several Culicoides spp. allergens. This approach presented a more effective, quantitative, and independent determinant of studying the genetic elements underlying IBH than the previous method of detection solely based on clinical signs (which could lead to misdiagnosis).

Findings

During the analysis, no SNP passed the Bonferroni corrected significance threshold, a statistical method to counteract the problem of multiple comparisons. Nevertheless, the study successfully identified and highlighted a couple of genomic regions connected to the disorder. Some previously identified regions linked with IBH risk got confirmation, and new potentially associated regions got discovered as well.

  • The use of allergen-specific IgE levels turned out to be most beneficial compared to the traditional case-control setup since it allowed the detection of more significant associations.
  • However, the study advocated for the use of a higher density array for effectively employing IgE levels to deepen the understanding of IBH.

Conclusions

Although the results acquired from this study should still be validated with a larger independent dataset, the use of allergen-specific IgE levels was found to be valuable. This research lays the groundwork for a more in-depth understanding of the biology underlying IBH in horses, which could potentially influence future strategies for treatment or prevention of the disorder.

Cite This Article

APA
François L, Hoskens H, Velie BD, Stinckens A, Tinel S, Lamberigts C, Peeters L, Savelkoul HFJ, Tijhaar E, Lindgren G, Janssens S, Ducro BJ, Buys N, Schurink AA. (2019). Genomic Regions Associated with IgE Levels against Culicoides spp. Antigens in Three Horse Breeds. Genes (Basel), 10(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10080597

Publication

Genes
ISSN: 2073-4425
NlmUniqueID: 101551097
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 8

Researcher Affiliations

François, Liesbeth
  • Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Hoskens, Hanne
  • Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Velie, Brandon D
  • School of Life & Environmental Sciences, B19-603 University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006,Australia.
Stinckens, Anneleen
  • Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Tinel, Susanne
  • Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Lamberigts, Chris
  • Research Group Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Peeters, Liesbet
  • Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Savelkoul, Huub F J
  • Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Tijhaar, Edwin
  • Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Lindgren, Gabriella
  • Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
  • Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
Janssens, Steven
  • Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Ducro, Bart J
  • Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Buys, Nadine
  • Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
Schurink, And Anouk
  • Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. anouk.schurink@wur.nl.
  • Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands. anouk.schurink@wur.nl.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Ceratopogonidae / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / genetics
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horses / genetics
  • Horses / immunology
  • Hypersensitivity / genetics
  • Hypersensitivity / immunology
  • Hypersensitivity / veterinary
  • Immunoglobulin E / genetics
  • Insect Bites and Stings / genetics
  • Insect Bites and Stings / immunology
  • Insect Bites and Stings / veterinary
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 60 references
  1. Fadok V.A., Greiner E.C.. Equine insect hypersensitivity: Skin test and biopsy results correlated with clinical data.. Equine Vet. J. 1990;22:236–240.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04259.xpubmed: 1976506google scholar: lookup
  2. Gortel K.. Equine parasitic hypersensitivity—A review.. Equine Pract. 1998;20:14–16.
  3. Riek R.F.. Studies on allergic dermatitis (Queensland itch) for the horse the aetiology of the disease.. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1954;5:109–129.
    doi: 10.1071/AR9540109google scholar: lookup
  4. Eriksson S., Grandinson K., Fikse W.F., Lindgren L., Mikko S., Broström H., Frey R., Sundquist M., Lindgren G.. Genetic analysis of insect bite hypersensitivity (summer eczema) in Icelandic horses.. Animal 2008;2:360–365.
    doi: 10.1017/S1751731107001413pubmed: 22445037google scholar: lookup
  5. Schurink A., Van Grevenhof E.M., Ducro B.J., Van Arendonk J.A.M.. Heritability and repeatability of insect bite hypersensitivity in Dutch Shetland breeding mares.. J. Anim. Sci. 2009;87:484–490.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1129pubmed: 18791140google scholar: lookup
  6. Peeters L.M., Janssens S., Brebels M., Buys N.. Genetic parameters and estimated breeding values of insect bite hypersensitivity in Belgian Warmblood horses.. Vet. J. 2015;206:420–422.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.08.012pubmed: 26586216google scholar: lookup
  7. Björnsdóttir S., Sigvaldadóttir J., Broström H., Langvad B., Sigurdsson A.. Summer eczema in exported Icelandic horses: Influence of environmental and genetic factors.. Acta Vet. Scand. 2006;48:3.
    doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-48-3pmc: PMC1513129pubmed: 16987399google scholar: lookup
  8. Broström H., Larsson A., Troedsson M.. Allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) of Icelandic horses in Sweden: An epidemiological study.. Equine Vet. J. 1987;19:229–236.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01389.xpubmed: 3608962google scholar: lookup
  9. Sommer-Locher B., Endriss V., Fromm E.. Various circumstances regarding initial allergen exposure and their influence on development of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:158–163.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.013google scholar: lookup
  10. Halldórdsóttir S., Larsen H.J.. An epidemiological study of summer eczema in Icelandic horses in Norway.. Equine Vet. J. 1991;23:296–299.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03721.xpubmed: 1915231google scholar: lookup
  11. Lange S.. Untersuchung zur Vererbung des Sommerekzems Beim Islandpferd.. Ph.D. Thesis. Tierärztliche Hochschule; Hannover, Germany: 2004.
  12. Schurink A., Ducro B.J., Heuven H.C.M., Van Arendonk J.A.M.. Genetic parameters of insect bite hypersensitivity in Dutch Friesian broodmares.. J. Anim. Sci. 2011;89:1286–1293.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3222pubmed: 21239662google scholar: lookup
  13. Andersson L.S., Swinburne J.E., Meadows J.R.S., Broström H., Eriksson S., Fikse W.F., Frey R., Sundquist M., Tseng C.T., Mikko S.. The same ELA class II risk factors confer equine insect bite hypersensitivity in two distinct populations.. Immunogenetics 2012;64:201–208.
    doi: 10.1007/s00251-011-0573-1pmc: PMC3276761pubmed: 21947540google scholar: lookup
  14. Schurink A., Wolc A., Ducro B.J., Frankena K., Garrick D.J., Dekkers J.C.M., Van Arendonk J.A.M.. Genome-wide association study of insect bite hypersensitivity in two horse populations in the Netherlands.. Gen. Sel. Evol. 2012;44:31–43.
    doi: 10.1186/1297-9686-44-31pmc: PMC3524047pubmed: 23110538google scholar: lookup
  15. Schurink A., Ducro B.J., Bastiaansen J.W., Frankena K., Van Arendonk J.A.M.. Genome-wide association study of insect bite hypersensitivity in Dutch Shetland pony mares.. Anim. Genet. 2013;44:44–52.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2012.02368.xpubmed: 22582722google scholar: lookup
  16. Schurink A., Da Silva V.H., Velie B.D., Dibbits B.W., Crooijmans R.P.M.A., François L., Janssens S., Stinckens A., Blott S., Buys N.. Copy number variations in Friesian horses and genetic risk factors for insect bite hypersensitivity.. BMC Genet. 2018;19:49.
    doi: 10.1186/s12863-018-0657-0pmc: PMC6065148pubmed: 30060732google scholar: lookup
  17. Shrestha M., Eriksson S., Schurink A., Andersson L.S., Sundquist M., Frey R., Broström H., Bergström T., Ducro B.J., Lindgren G.. Genome-wide association study of insect bite hypersensitivity in Swedish-born Icelandic horses.. J. Hered. 2015;106:366–374.
    doi: 10.1093/jhered/esv033pubmed: 26026046google scholar: lookup
  18. Velie B.D., Shrestha M., François L., Schurink A., Tesfayonas Y.G., Stinckens A., Blott S., Ducro B.J., Mikko S., Thomas R.. Using an inbred horse breed in a high density genome-wide scan for genetic risk factors of insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH). PLoS ONE 2016;11:e0152966.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152966pmc: PMC4829256pubmed: 27070818google scholar: lookup
  19. Abbas A.K., Lichtman A.H.. Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System.. 2nd ed. Saunders; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2004.
  20. Ferroglio E., Pregel P., Accossato A., Taricco I., Bollo E., Rossi L., Trisciuoglio A.. Equine Culicoides hypersensitivity: Evaluation of a skin test and of humoral response.. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A. 2006;53:30–33.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2006.00783.xpubmed: 16411906google scholar: lookup
  21. Frey R., Bergvall K., Egenvall A.. Allergen-specific IgE in Icelandic horses with insect bite hypersensitivity and healthy controls, assessed by FcεR1α-based serology.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2008;126:102–109.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.06.010pubmed: 18676025google scholar: lookup
  22. Hellberg W., Wilson A.D., Mellor P., Doherr M.G., Torsteinsdottir S., Zurbriggen A., Jungi T., Marti E.. Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: Immunoblot analysis of IgE and IgG subclass responses to Culicoides nubeculosus salivary gland extract.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2006;113:99–112.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.04.009pubmed: 16797724google scholar: lookup
  23. Hellberg W., Mellor P.S., Torsteinsdóttir S., Marti E.. Insect bite hypersensitivity in the horse: Comparison of IgE-binding proteins in salivary gland extracts from Simulium vittatum and Culicoides nubeculosus.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2009;132:62–67.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.016pubmed: 19836841google scholar: lookup
  24. Langner K.F.A., Darpel K.E., Drolet B.S., Fischer A., Hampel S., Heselhaus J.E., Mellor P.S., Mertens P.P.S., Leibold W.. Comparison of cellular and humoral immunoassays for the assessment of summer eczema in horses.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2008;122:126–137.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.11.001pubmed: 18155778google scholar: lookup
  25. Schaffartzik A., Marti E., Torsteinsdottir S., Mellor P.S., Crameri R., Rhyner C.. Selective cloning, characterization, and production of the Culicoides nubeculosus salivary gland allergen repertoire associated with equine insect bite hypersensitivity.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2011;139:200–209.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.015pubmed: 21071100google scholar: lookup
  26. Van Der Meide N.M.A., Meulenbroeks C., Van Altena C., Schurink A., Ducro B.J., Wagner B., Leibold W., Rohwer J., Jacobs F., Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M.S.. Culicoides obsoletus extract relevant for diagnostics of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2012;149:245–254.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.007pubmed: 22906994google scholar: lookup
  27. Wilson A.D., Harwood L.J., Björnsdottir S., Marti E., Day M.J.. Detection of IgG and IgE serum antibodies to Culicoides salivary gland antigens in horses with insect dermal hypersensitivity (sweet itch). Equine Vet. J. 2001;33:707–713.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249363pubmed: 11770994google scholar: lookup
  28. Wilson A.D., Heesom K.J., Mawby W.J., Mellor P.S., Russell C.J.. Identification of abundant proteins and potential allergens in Culicoides nubeculosus salivary glands.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2008;122:94–103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.10.011pubmed: 18068808google scholar: lookup
  29. Peeters L.M., Janssens S., Goddeeris B.M., De Keyser K., Wilson A.D., Kaufmann C., Schaffartzik A., Marti E., Buys N.. Evaluation of an IgE ELISA with Culicoides spp. extracts and recombinant salivary antigens for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in Warmblood horses.. Vet. J. 2013;198:141–147.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.010pubmed: 23891138google scholar: lookup
  30. Schurink A., Van Der Meide N.M.A., Savelkoul H.F.J., Ducro B.J., Tijhaar E.. Factors associated with Culicoides obsoletus complex spp.-specific IgE reactivity in Icelandic horses and Shetland ponies.. Vet. J. 2014;201:395–400.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.04.023pubmed: 24881512google scholar: lookup
  31. Van Der Meide N.M.A., Roders N., Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M.S., Schaap P.J., Van Oers M.M., Leibold W., Savelkoul H.F.J., Tijhaar E.. Cloning and expression of candidate allergens from Culicoides obsoletus for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2013;153:227–239.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.03.005pubmed: 23561552google scholar: lookup
  32. Van Der Meide N.M.A., Savelkoul H.F.J., Meulenbroeks C., Ducro B.J., Tijhaar E.. Evaluation of a diagnostic ELISA for insect bite hypersensitivity in horses using recombinant Obsoletus complex allergens.. Vet. J. 2014;200:31–37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.004pubmed: 24703873google scholar: lookup
  33. Peeters L.M.. Genetic and Immunological Analysis of Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Belgian Warmblood Horses.. Ph.D. Thesis. KU Leuven; Leuven, Belgium: 2013.
  34. Bush W.S., Moore J.H.. Chapter 11: Genome-wide association studies.. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2012;8:e1002822.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002822pmc: PMC3531285pubmed: 23300413google scholar: lookup
  35. Karssen L.C., Van Duijn C.M., Aulchenko Y.S.. The GenABEL project for statistical genomics.. F1000Research 2016;5:914.
    doi: 10.12688/f1000research.8733.1pmc: PMC4916982pubmed: 27347381google scholar: lookup
  36. Peeters L.M., Janssens S., Schaffartzik A., Marti E., Buys N.. Evaluation of IgE levels against Culicoides nubeculosus allergens in Belgian Warmblood horses.. Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci. 2012;77:218–222.
    pubmed: 22558784
  37. Schaffartzik A., Marti E., Crameri R., Rhyner C.. Cloning, production and characterization of antigen 5 like proteins from Simulium vittatum and Culicoides nubeculosus, the first cross-reactive allergen associated with equine insect bite hypersensitivity.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2010;137:76–83.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.04.012pubmed: 20537727google scholar: lookup
  38. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.. R Foundation for Statistical Computing; Vienna, Austria: 2014.
  39. Tian C., Gregersen P.K., Seldin M.F.. Accounting for ancestry: Population substructure and genome-wide association studies.. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008;17:143–150.
    doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddn268pmc: PMC2782357pubmed: 18852203google scholar: lookup
  40. Price A.L., Zaitlen N.A., Reich D., Patterson N.. New approaches to population stratification in genome-wide association studies.. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2010;11:459–463.
    doi: 10.1038/nrg2813pmc: PMC2975875pubmed: 20548291google scholar: lookup
  41. Edwards B.J., Haynes C., Levenstien M.A., Finch S.J., Gordon D.. Power and sample size calculations in the presence of phenotype errors for case/control genetic association studies.. BMC Genet. 2005;6:18.
    doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-6-18pmc: PMC1131899pubmed: 15819990google scholar: lookup
  42. McCarthy M.I., Abecasis G.R., Cardon L.R., Goldstein D.B., Little J., Ioannidis J.P.A., Hirschhorn J.N.. Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: Consensus, uncertainty and challenges.. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2008;9:356–369.
    doi: 10.1038/nrg2344pubmed: 18398418google scholar: lookup
  43. Pearson T.A., Manolio T.A.. How to interpret a genome-wide association study.. JAMA 2008;299:1335–1344.
    doi: 10.1001/jama.299.11.1335pubmed: 18349094google scholar: lookup
  44. Galvan A., Ioannidis J.P., Dragani T.A.. Beyond genome-wide association studies: Genetic heterogeneity and individual predisposition to cancer.. Trends Genet. 2010;26:132–141.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.12.008pmc: PMC2826571pubmed: 20106545google scholar: lookup
  45. Schaffartzik A., Hamza E., Janda J., Crameri R., Marti E., Rhyner C.. Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: What do we know?. Vet. Immunol. Immonupathol. 2012;147:113–126.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.03.017pubmed: 22575371google scholar: lookup
  46. Baselgia S., Doherr M.G., Mellor P., Torsteinsdottir S., Jermann T., Zurbriggen A., Jungi T., Marti E.. Evaluation of an in vitro sulphidoleukotriene release test for diagnosis of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses.. Equine Vet. J. 2006;38:40–46.
    doi: 10.2746/042516406775374333pubmed: 16411585google scholar: lookup
  47. Wagner B., Childs B.A., Erb H.N.. A histamine release assay to identify sensitization to Culicoides allergens in horses with skin hypersensitivity.. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2008;126:302–308.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.001pubmed: 18926574google scholar: lookup
  48. Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M.S., Van Poppel M., De Raat I.J., Van Den Boom R., Savelkoul H.F.J.. Intradermal testing of horses with and without insect bite hypersensitivity in the Netherlands using an extract of native Culicoides species.. Vet. Dermatol. 2009;20:607–614.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00832.xpubmed: 20178501google scholar: lookup
  49. Laske N., Niggemann B.. Does the severity of atopic dermatitis correlate with serum IgE levels?. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2004;15:86–88.
    doi: 10.1046/j.0905-6157.2003.00106.xpubmed: 14998387google scholar: lookup
  50. Jia P., Wang L., Meltzer H.Y., Zhao Z.. Pathway-based analysis of GWAS datasets: Effective but caution required.. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14:567–572.
    doi: 10.1017/S1461145710001446pubmed: 21208483google scholar: lookup
  51. Wang K., Li M., Bucan M.. Pathway-based approaches for analysis of genome-wide association studies.. Am. J. Hum. Genetic. 2007;81:1278–1283.
    doi: 10.1086/522374pmc: PMC2276352pubmed: 17966091google scholar: lookup
  52. Purcell S.M., Wray N.R., Stone J.L., Visscher P.M., O’Donovan M.C., Sullivan P.F., Sklar P., International Schizophrenia Consortium. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.. Nature 2009;460:748–752.
    doi: 10.1038/nature08185pmc: PMC3912837pubmed: 19571811google scholar: lookup
  53. Mooney M.A., Nigg J.T., McWeeney S.K., Wilmot B.. Functional and genomic context in pathway analysis of GWAS data.. Trends Genet. 2014;30:390–400.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.004pmc: PMC4266582pubmed: 25154796google scholar: lookup
  54. De Roos A.P., Hayes B.J., Spelman R.J., Goddard M.E.. Linkage disequilibrium and persistence of phase in Holstein-Friesian, Jersey and Angus cattle.. Genetics 2008;179:1503–1512.
    doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.084301pmc: PMC2475750pubmed: 18622038google scholar: lookup
  55. Schurink A., Shrestha M., Eriksson E., Bosse M., Bovenhuis H., Back W., Johansson A.M., Ducro B.J.. The genomic makeup of nine horse populations sampled in the Netherlands.. Genes 2019;10:480.
    doi: 10.3390/genes10060480pmc: PMC6627704pubmed: 31242710google scholar: lookup
  56. Anderson G.S., Belton P., Kleider N.. Hypersensitivity of horses in British Columbia to extracts of native and exotic species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J. Med. Entomol. 1993;30:657–663.
    doi: 10.1093/jmedent/30.4.657pubmed: 8360890google scholar: lookup
  57. Van Der Rijt R., Van Den Boom R., Jongema Y., Van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan M.M.S.. Culicoides species attracted to horses with and without insect hypersensitivity.. Vet. J. 2008;178:91–97.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.005pubmed: 17728164google scholar: lookup
  58. Singleton A.B., Hardy J., Traynor B.J., Houlden H.. Towards a complete resolution of the genetic architecture of disease.. Trends Genet. 2010;26:438–442.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.07.004pmc: PMC2943029pubmed: 20813421google scholar: lookup
  59. McCue M.E., Bannasch D.L., Petersen J.L., Gurr J., Bailey E., Binns M., Distl O., Guérin G., Hasegawa T., Hill E.W.. A high density SNP array for the domestic horse and extant Perissodactyla: Utility for association mapping, genetic diversity, and phylogeny studies.. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002451.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002451pmc: PMC3257288pubmed: 22253606google scholar: lookup
  60. Marian A.J.. Molecular genetic studies of complex phenotypes.. Transl. Res. 2012;159:64–79.
    doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.08.001pmc: PMC3259530pubmed: 22243791google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.