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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2022; 11(8); 945; doi: 10.3390/pathogens11080945

Getah Virus (Alphavirus): An Emerging, Spreading Zoonotic Virus.

Abstract: Getah virus (GETV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by mosquitoes, belonging to the family, genus. It was first isolated from mosquitoes in Malaysia in 1955, being widespread in island countries in the South Pacific region. Since the beginning of the 21st century, GETV expanded its range and geographical distribution from low-latitude tropical regions to 60° north latitude, being isolated from 17 different species of mosquitoes belonging to five genera of Culicidae (, , , and ), as well as from midges in Eurasia. Molecular genetic evolution analysis revealed large molecular differences between the mosquitoes currently circulating Eurasia and those in the South Pacific in 1950s. The number of disease outbreaks caused by GETV in animals is increasing alongside the types of animals infected, from horses and pigs to cattle, blue foxes and red pandas. The disease burden is severely underestimated, and the economic cost to livestock production remains unknown. Herein, we review GETV temporal and spatial distribution, molecular genetic evolution, transmission and data on disease outbreaks. This work provides a reference for public health workers engaged in GETV research and zoonotic disease prevention and control.
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Publication Date: 2022-08-20 PubMed ID: 36015065PubMed Central: PMC9416625DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080945Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about the Getah virus (GETV), a zoonotic virus transmitted by mosquitoes and other biting insects that has been spreading from its original location in Malaysia since the 1950s to multiple regions worldwide and across various animal species.

Abstract Explanation

This abstract primarily discusses the Getah virus (GETV) which falls under the Alphavitus genus. It is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It was initially identified in Malaysia in 1955, within mosquitos, and it has since been noted that its distribution is largely within island countries in the South Pacific region.

  • Shift in Geographic Distribution: The abstract highlights a significant shift in geographic distribution from the start of the 21st century. The virus has moved from tropical low-latitude regions to areas as far north as 60° north latitude. Moreover, it has been identified in 17 different species of mosquitoes in five different mosquito genera, as well as in midges based in Eurasia. This geographical expansion implies that the virus is adapting to survive in different climates and hosts, extending its scope and potential effects.
  • Difference in Genetic Evolution: A review of molecular genetic analysis showed significant differences between the virus strains found in Eurasia in comparison to those circulating in the South Pacific during the 1950s. This points to the possibility of the virus undergoing changes as it spreads, which could potentially influence how it affects different hosts or responds to treatments.
  • Increasing Outbreaks in Animals: The article reports an increase in the number of disease outbreaks amongst animals caused by the GETV, with a broader range of animal species affected. Initially, it was found in horses and pigs, but recently infections have been noted in cattle, blue foxes, and red pandas. This is noteworthy as increased variation in host species could lead to different modes of transmission and potential threats to humans.
  • Economic Impact: The virus’s economic impact is still unknown, but it’s clear that its increasing range and tendency to affect livestock could pose significant costs to humans, particularly those in the livestock industry. Still, the paper suggests that this economic burden is likely underestimated.
  • Purpose of Research: The researchers aim to provide a detailed review of the GETV’s temporal and spatial distribution, changes in molecular genetics, and transmission data. The research seeks to aid those in public health, particularly those researching GETV and working in zoonotic disease prevention and control, by providing a thorough reference for understanding this emerging viral threat.

Cite This Article

APA
Li B, Wang H, Liang G. (2022). Getah Virus (Alphavirus): An Emerging, Spreading Zoonotic Virus. Pathogens, 11(8), 945. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080945

Publication

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2076-0817
NlmUniqueID: 101596317
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 8
PII: 945

Researcher Affiliations

Li, Bin
  • School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China.
  • State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Wang, Huanyu
  • State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
Liang, Guodong
  • State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.

Grant Funding

  • U01 AI151810 / NIAID NIH HHS
  • 2015SKLID505 / the Development Grant of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
  • AI151810 / the United States National Institutes of Health U01
  • 2014SKLID103 / the Development Grant of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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