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Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology2001; 129(2-3); 563-575; doi: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00295-1

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus).

Abstract: To investigate the enteroinsular axis (EIA) in equines oral (oGTT) and intravenous (i.v.GTT) glucose tolerance tests (5.6 and 1 mmol glucose/kg BW, respectively) were performed with healthy, normal weight large horses and Shetland ponies. Plasma was analysed for concentrations of glucose, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and insulin. In all equines plasma GIP concentrations only increased significantly when glucose was administered orally. The insulin glucose ratio (IGR) was significantly higher during the oGTT than during the i.v.GTT in both races. Basal plasma glucose levels were significantly higher in large horses than in ponies in both experiments. During the oGTT maximum glucose values were significantly higher in ponies. Ponies tended to a higher insulin secretion but the IGRs were identical in both races after oral and intravenous glucose administration. One clinically inconspicuous pony showed hyperinsulinaemia and, in case of the oGTT, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and GIP hypersecretion. The results of this study indicate the existence of an EIA in equines due to the higher IGRs during the oGTT. Furthermore, the similarity of plasma GIP levels and IGRs in ponies and large horses suggest a comparable activity of the EIA in both races. Regarding the elevated plasma GIP concentrations of the insulin resistant pony the EIA appears to participate in equine hyperinsulinaemia.
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Publication Date: 2001-06-26 PubMed ID: 11423326DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00295-1Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research undertook an investigation into the role of the enteroinsular axis (EIA) – the relationship between the gut and insulin secretion – in horses and ponies, particularly in response to oral and intravenous glucose administration. The data shows the EIA functions similarly for both large horses and ponies, with a notably higher insulin glucose ratio (IGR) following oral glucose intake. Additionally, the EIA may contribute to hyperinsulinaemia, a condition of excess insulin levels, in horses.

Research Methodology

  • This experiment involved the participation of healthy, normal weight, large horses, and Shetland ponies.
  • Both oral glucose tolerance tests (oGTT) and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (i.v.GTT) were performed on the animals. Here, 5.6mmol glucose per kg of body weight was given orally, and 1mmol glucose/kg body weight was administered intravenously.
  • Scientists analysed the animals’ plasma for glucose, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and insulin. GIP is a hormone that stimulates the insulin secretion response.

Findings

  • Regardless of species, a significant rise in plasma GIP concentrations was observed only when glucose was taken orally.
  • The insulin-glucose ratio (IGR) was significantly higher during oGTT compared to i.v.GTT, indicating more insulin was produced in response to orally ingested glucose, across both species.
  • Baseline plasma glucose levels were higher in large horses as compared to ponies, in both varieties of experiments.
  • During the oGTT, the maximum glucose values were found to be significantly higher in ponies.
  • Ponies showed a trend towards higher insulin secretion, but the IGRs remained the same in both species after oral and intravenous glucose administration.

Special Case Study

  • One pony, which appeared clinically normal, exhibited hyperinsulinaemia – significantly elevated insulin levels in its bloodstream. Furthermore, in the oGTT scenario, the animal showed signs of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and GIP over-secretion.

Conclusions

  • The study findings suggest the existence of an EIA in horses, due to the higher IGRs observed during the oGTT.
  • The similarities observed in plasma GIP levels and IGRs in both ponies and large horses suggest that the activity of the EIA is comparable in both species.
  • In relation to the pony that showed symptoms of insulin resistance, the EIA seems to have a role in hyperinsulinaemia in horses.

Cite This Article

APA
Dühlmeier R, Deegen E, Fuhrmann H, Widdel A, Sallmann HP. (2001). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol, 129(2-3), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00295-1

Publication

Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology
ISSN: 1095-6433
NlmUniqueID: 9806096
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 129
Issue: 2-3
Pages: 563-575

Researcher Affiliations

Dühlmeier, R
  • Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
Deegen, E
    Fuhrmann, H
      Widdel, A
        Sallmann, H P

          MeSH Terms

          • Administration, Oral
          • Animals
          • Blood Glucose / analysis
          • Female
          • Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / blood
          • Glucose / administration & dosage
          • Glucose Tolerance Test
          • Horses / physiology
          • Injections, Intravenous
          • Insulin / blood
          • Male
          • Species Specificity

          Citations

          This article has been cited 6 times.
          1. Warnken T, Schaub C, Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Sonntag J, Reiche DB. Palatability, glycemic, and insulinemic responses to various carbohydrate formulations: Alternatives for the diagnosis of insulin dysregulation in horses?. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Jan;37(1):282-291.
            doi: 10.1111/jvim.16614pubmed: 36625459google scholar: lookup
          2. Delarocque J, Frers F, Feige K, Huber K, Jung K, Warnken T. Metabolic changes induced by oral glucose tests in horses and their diagnostic use. J Vet Intern Med 2021 Jan;35(1):597-605.
            doi: 10.1111/jvim.15992pubmed: 33277752google scholar: lookup
          3. Delarocque J, Frers F, Huber K, Feige K, Warnken T. Weight loss is linearly associated with a reduction of the insulin response to an oral glucose test in Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020 May 24;16(1):151.
            doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02356-wpubmed: 32448298google scholar: lookup
          4. Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Siciliano P, Pratt-Phillips S, Goertzen EW, McLeod SJ, Moore J, Krafka K, Hyda J, Rounds W. Chromium propionate increases insulin sensitivity in horses following oral and intravenous carbohydrate administration. J Anim Sci 2020 Apr 1;98(4).
            doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa095pubmed: 32211767google scholar: lookup
          5. Rings LM, Swink JM, Dunbar LK, Burns TA, Toribio RE. Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Nov;33(6):2752-2764.
            doi: 10.1111/jvim.15641pubmed: 31664736google scholar: lookup
          6. Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019 Mar;33(2):335-349.
            doi: 10.1111/jvim.15423pubmed: 30724412google scholar: lookup
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