Goniometry: is it a reliable tool to monitor passive joint range of motion in horses?

This research aims to validate the use of goniometry, a tool used to measure joint range of motion in humans, in equine orthopedics and rehabilitation, given its current non-validated status in the field. The study examines aspects such as reliability between testers, difference in goniometry techniques, and differences between standing and anesthetized horses.

Research Methodology

In the course of the study, three main areas were tested and scrutinized:

• The reliability between different test administrators (both intra- and inter-tester) was assessed using 10 horses, each measured by five sets of testers with a universal goniometer.
• The study also examined the effectiveness of two different goniometry techniques on 14 horses. In one technique, two investigators worked in pairs with one holding the limb while the other measured the joint angle. In the other technique, investigators worked individually, simultaneously holding the limb and measuring the joint angle.
• Differences in measurements between standing and anesthetized horses were assessed by investigators using the same techniques as earlier mentioned on six different horses.

For statistical analysis, nonparametric tests including Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon sign-rank, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used.

Research Findings

The research findings were split into the specific areas of study:

• The intra-tester reliability (same person testing) was found to be high to excellent (with an ICC of 0.8 to 1) while the inter-tester reliability (different people testing) was on the low to average scale (with an ICC of 0.1 to 0.5).
• Significant differences in joint ROM measurements were recorded in carpus and hock when the measurement was done in pairs as opposed to individually.
• Significant differences in joint ROM measurements were noted when assessing anesthetized horses as compared to those standing.

Conclusion

The research concluded that, as shown in human studies, goniometry is a promising tool for documenting passive joint motion in the fetlock, carpus, and hock in horses, but only if the tester remains consistent. However, despite these promising findings, the study indicates that more research is needed for further validation of goniometry in equine medicine.