FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Frontiers in microbiology2025; 16; 1689293; doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1689293

Gut microbial signatures and cardiac-microbiota axis in Yili horses with divergent exercise-induced cardiac remodeling.

Abstract: This study aimed to investigate how different training outcomes affect the gut microbiota composition in racehorses. Twenty-six Yili horses underwent a 9-month conditioning training regimen under uniform husbandry and management conditions. Post-training, the horses were divided into an excellence group (D. Y group) and a general group (D. P group) based on their athletic performance, with the top 10 performers constituting the D. Y group and the bottom 10 the D. P group. Cardiac morphology and function were quantitatively assessed via echocardiography, and metagenomic sequencing was performed on fresh fecal samples. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in gut microbiota and echocardiographic parameters between the two groups prior to training. However, significant differences were observed post-training ( < 0.05). At the genus level, , , and exhibited significantly greater abundance n the D. Y group. LEfSe analysis showed that Prevotella was markedly enriched in the D. Y group (LDA > 4). Functional profiling indicated that multiple metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in global and overview maps, with map00534 and map00190 being particularly enriched in the D. Y group (LDA > 2). Within CAZymes genes, eight were significantly enriched in the D. Y group, including four glycoside hydrolase genes, two carbohydrate esterase genes, and two carbohydrate-binding module genes. Echocardiography revealed significant differences in seven parameters between the groups, with the D. Y group exhibiting notably higher LV_MASS_I and LVM values ( < 0.01). dbRDA analysis demonstrated a significant association between LV_MASS_I and LVM and the gut microbiota profile ( < 0.01). These findings suggest that training-induced cardiac remodeling, particularly the increase in LV_MASS_I and LVM, is closely related to alterations in gut microbiota, with enrichment potentially serving as a marker of favorable adaptation to the training regimen. The study provides robust evidence for understanding the interaction between aerobic training, gut microbiota, and cardiac characteristics in racehorses, and highlights potential directions for optimizing athletic performance and probiotic strategies in equine athletes.
Copyright © 2025 Bao, Wang, Adina, Yao, Chu, Yao, Meng, Wang, Ren and Zeng.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2025-12-03 PubMed ID: 41415820PubMed Central: PMC12711142DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2025.1689293Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This research investigated how different levels of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in Yili horses relate to changes in their gut microbiota after a 9-month training program.
  • The study found that horses with superior athletic performance showed distinct gut microbial profiles and cardiac features compared to horses with general performance, suggesting a link between gut microbes and heart adaptations to training.

Background and Objective

  • The study focused on Yili horses, a breed used for racing, examining how long-term exercise affects their heart structure and function, known as cardiac remodeling.
  • Since gut microbiota can influence various physiological functions, researchers aimed to explore if changes in the gut microbial community correlate with cardiac changes following consistent training.
  • The main goal was to identify gut microbial signatures associated with different degrees of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling and athletic performance.

Experimental Design and Methods

  • Twenty-six Yili horses underwent a controlled 9-month conditioning training program, ensuring uniform husbandry and management.
  • Post-training, the 20 horses with clear performance differentiation (top 10 and bottom 10) were split into two groups: the excellence group (D. Y) and the general group (D. P).
  • Cardiac morphology and function were measured using echocardiography, focusing on parameters including left ventricular mass index (LV_MASS_I) and left ventricular mass (LVM).
  • Fresh fecal samples were collected post-training for metagenomic sequencing to analyze microbial composition at the genus level, functional pathways, and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) genes.
  • Statistical analyses, including LEfSe (Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size) and distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA), were used to link microbiota variations with cardiac parameters.

Key Findings in Gut Microbiota

  • Before training, no significant differences existed between groups in gut microbiota or cardiac parameters, establishing a baseline.
  • Post-training, certain microbial genera, prominently Prevotella, were significantly more abundant in the high-performing (D. Y) horses (LDA > 4), suggesting enrichment linked to better adaptation.
  • Functional profiling revealed enrichment in metabolic pathways in the D. Y group, including map00534 (the fatty acid metabolism pathway) and map00190 (oxidative phosphorylation), indicating enhanced energy metabolism.
  • Eight CAZyme genes were enriched in the D. Y group, featuring glycoside hydrolases, carbohydrate esterases, and carbohydrate-binding modules, which may enhance carbohydrate breakdown and energy utilization.

Cardiac Remodeling and Echocardiographic Results

  • Seven echocardiographic parameters differed significantly between groups after training, with D. Y horses showing greater LV_MASS_I and LVM (P < 0.01), indicating more pronounced cardiac remodeling.
  • These measures reflect adaptive enlargement of the heart’s left ventricle, a common response to aerobic training that enhances cardiac output and athletic performance.

Linking Gut Microbiota to Cardiac Features

  • dbRDA analysis demonstrated a statistically significant association between the cardiac remodeling indicators (LV_MASS_I and LVM) and the gut microbial composition, suggesting interplay between the heart and microbiome.
  • The enrichment of specific microbes like Prevotella may influence or reflect metabolic and physiological adaptations that contribute to improved cardiac function.

Implications and Conclusions

  • The study provides evidence that exercise-induced cardiac remodeling in horses is closely linked with shifts in gut microbiota composition and function.
  • Prevotella enrichment and enhanced metabolic pathways could serve as biomarkers or targets to optimize training outcomes and cardiac adaptations in equine athletes.
  • This work opens potential avenues for developing probiotic or dietary interventions aimed at improving athletic performance via modulation of the gut-heart axis.
  • Overall, the research highlights the importance of the cardiac-microbiota axis in understanding physiological responses to aerobic conditioning in racehorses.

Cite This Article

APA
Bao Y, Wang T, Adina W, Yao R, Chu H, Yao X, Meng J, Wang J, Ren W, Zeng Y. (2025). Gut microbial signatures and cardiac-microbiota axis in Yili horses with divergent exercise-induced cardiac remodeling. Front Microbiol, 16, 1689293. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1689293

Publication

Frontiers in microbiology
ISSN: 1664-302X
NlmUniqueID: 101548977
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 16
Pages: 1689293
PII: 1689293

Researcher Affiliations

Bao, Yike
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
Wang, Tongliang
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Ürümqi, China.
Adina, Wusiman
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
Yao, Runchen
  • Xinjiang Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Animal Husbandry Station, Ürümqi, China.
Chu, Hongzhong
  • Xinjiang Yili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Animal Husbandry Station, Ürümqi, China.
Yao, Xinkui
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Ürümqi, China.
Meng, Jun
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Ürümqi, China.
Wang, Jianwen
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Ürümqi, China.
Ren, Wanlu
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Ürümqi, China.
Zeng, Yaqi
  • College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, China.
  • Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Equine Breeding and Exercise Physiology, Ürümqi, China.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 57 references
  1. Agirman G, Hsiao EY. Gut microbes shape athletic motivation. Nature 612, 633–634.
    doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-04355-3pubmed: 36517676google scholar: lookup
  2. Betancur-Murillo CL, Aguilar-Marín SB, Jovel J. : a key player in ruminal metabolism. Microorganisms 11:1.
    doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11010001pmc: PMC9866204pubmed: 36677293google scholar: lookup
  3. Binta B, Patel M. Detection of cfxA2, cfxA3, and cfxA6 genes in beta-lactamase producing oral anaerobes. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 24, 142–147.
    doi: 10.1590/1678-775720150469pmc: PMC4836921pubmed: 27119762google scholar: lookup
  4. Boucher L, Leduc L, Leclère M, Costa MC. Current understanding of equine gut dysbiosis and microbiota manipulation techniques: comparison with current knowledge in other species. Animals 14:758.
    doi: 10.3390/ani1405075pmc: PMC10931082pubmed: 38473143google scholar: lookup
  5. Bycura D, Santos AC, Shiffer A, Kyman S, Winfree K, Sutliffe J. Impact of different exercise modalities on the human gut microbiome. Sports 9:14.
    doi: 10.3390/sports9020014pmc: PMC7909775pubmed: 33494210google scholar: lookup
  6. Carmody RN, Baggish AL. Working out the bugs: microbial modulation of athletic performance. Nat. Metab. 1, 658–659.
    doi: 10.1038/s42255-019-0092-1pubmed: 32694643google scholar: lookup
  7. Castro AP, Silva KKS, Medeiros CSA, Alves F, Araujo RC, Almeida JA. Effects of 12 weeks of resistance training on rat gut microbiota composition. J. Exp. Biol. 224:2543.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.242543pubmed: 34137868google scholar: lookup
  8. Chandel NS. Carbohydrate metabolism. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 13:a040568.
    doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040568pmc: PMC7778149pubmed: 33397651google scholar: lookup
  9. Christou GA, Pagourelias ED, Anifanti MA, Sotiriou PG, Koutlianos NA, Tsironi MP. Exploring the determinants of the cardiac changes after ultra-long duration exercise: the echocardiographic Spartathlon study. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 27, 1467–1477.
    doi: 10.1177/2047487319898782pubmed: 32013601google scholar: lookup
  10. Costa MC, Weese JS. Understanding the intestinal microbiome in health and disease. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 34, 1–12.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2017.11.005pubmed: 29402480google scholar: lookup
  11. Czerwińska-Ledwig O, Nowak-Zaleska A, Żychowska M, Meyza K, Pałka T, Dzidek A. The positive effects of training and time-restricted eating in gut microbiota biodiversity in patients with multiple myeloma. Nutrients 17:61.
    doi: 10.3390/nu17010061pmc: PMC11722647pubmed: 39796496google scholar: lookup
  12. De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Bäckhed F, Mithieux G. Microbiota-Produced Succinate Improves Glucose Homeostasis via Intestinal Gluconeogenesis. Cell Metab. 24, 151–157.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.013pubmed: 27411015google scholar: lookup
  13. Demeter F, Peleskei Z, Kútvölgyi K, Rusznyák Á, Fenyvesi F, Kajtár R. Synthesis and biological profiling of seven heparin and Heparan Sulphate analogue Trisaccharides. Biomolecules 14:1052.
    doi: 10.3390/biom14091052pmc: PMC11429564pubmed: 39334821google scholar: lookup
  14. Dou L, Liu C, Chen X, Yang Z, Hu G, Zhang M. Supplemental modulates skeletal muscle development and meat quality by shaping the gut microbiota of lambs. Meat Sci. 204:109235.
    doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109235pubmed: 37301103google scholar: lookup
  15. Eckel J. Intestinal microbiota and host metabolism — a complex relationship. Acta Physiol. 232:3638.
    doi: 10.1111/apha.13638pubmed: 33638283google scholar: lookup
  16. Frampton J, Murphy KG, Frost G, Chambers ES. Short-chain fatty acids as potential regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism and function.. Nat. Metab. 2020;2:840–848.
    doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0188-7pubmed: 32694821google scholar: lookup
  17. Grosicki GJ, Langan SP, Bagley JR, Galpin AJ, Garner D, Hampton-Marcell JT. Gut check: unveiling the influence of acute exercise on the gut microbiota.. Exp. Physiol. 2023;108:1466–1480.
    doi: 10.1113/EP091446pmc: PMC10988526pubmed: 37702557google scholar: lookup
  18. Hassan NE, El-Masry SA, Shebini SME, Ahmed NH, Mohamed TF, Mostafa MI. Gut dysbiosis is linked to metabolic syndrome in obese Egyptian women: potential treatment by probiotics and high fiber diets regimen.. Sci. Rep. 2024;14:5464.
    doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54285-5pmc: PMC10914807pubmed: 38443406google scholar: lookup
  19. Houzelle A, Jörgensen JA, Schaart G, Daemen S, van Polanen N, Fealy CE. Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics in relation to oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity.. Diabetologia 2020;64:424–436.
    doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05335-wpmc: PMC7801361pubmed: 33258025google scholar: lookup
  20. Hu L, Li X, Li C, Wang L, Han L, Ni W. Characterization of a novel multifunctional glycoside hydrolase family in the metagenome-assembled genomes of horse gut.. Gene 2024;927:148758.
    doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148758pubmed: 38977109google scholar: lookup
  21. Huang B, Zhao L, Campbell SC. Bidirectional link between exercise and the gut microbiota.. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2024;52:132–144.
    doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000343pubmed: 39190614google scholar: lookup
  22. Inglis GAS. Gut microorganisms enhance bone mass after exercise.. Nat Aging 2024;4:905–905.
    doi: 10.1038/s43587-024-00676-2pubmed: 38987648google scholar: lookup
  23. Koenig TR, Mitchell KJ, Schwarzwald CC. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function in healthy horses and in horses with heart disease using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging.. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2017;31:556–567.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14641pmc: PMC5354014pubmed: 28109132google scholar: lookup
  24. Kuziel GA, Rakoff-Nahoum S. The gut microbiome.. Curr. Biol. 2022;32:R257–R264.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.023pubmed: 35349808google scholar: lookup
  25. Li Q, Hoppe T. Role of amino acid metabolism in mitochondrial homeostasis.. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2023;11:1127618.
    doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1127618pmc: PMC10008872pubmed: 36923249google scholar: lookup
  26. Li C, Li X, Guo R, Ni W, Liu K, Liu Z. Expanded catalogue of metagenome-assembled genomes reveals resistome characteristics and athletic performance-associated microbes in horse.. Microbiome 2023;11:7.
    pmc: PMC9835274pubmed: 36631912
  27. Liu C, Wong PY, Wang Q, Wong HY, Huang T, Cui C. Short-chain fatty acids enhance muscle mass and function through the activation of mTOR signalling pathways in sarcopenic mice.. J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle 2024;15:2387–2401.
    doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13573pmc: PMC11634463pubmed: 39482890google scholar: lookup
  28. Ma S, Peng C, Deng Y, Zhang H, Yang Y. Recent developments in phylum .. China Biogas 2022;40:3–17.
    doi: 10.20022/j.cnki.1000-1166.2022050003google scholar: lookup
  29. Mańkowska K, Marchelek-Myśliwiec M, Kochan P, Kosik-Bogacka D, Konopka T, Grygorcewicz B. Microbiota in sports.. Arch. Microbiol. 2022;204:485.
    doi: 10.1007/s00203-022-03111-5pmc: PMC9283338pubmed: 35834007google scholar: lookup
  30. Meng Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Shi B, Ma Q, Shan A. Lycopene affects intestinal barrier function and the gut microbiota in weaned piglets via antioxidant signaling regulation.. J. Nutr. 2022;152:2396–2408.
    doi: 10.1093/jn/nxac208pubmed: 36774106google scholar: lookup
  31. Morita H, Kano C, Ishii C, Kagata N, Ishikawa T, Hirayama A. and its preferred substrate, α-cyclodextrin, enhance endurance exercise performance in mice and human males.. Sci. Adv. 2023;9:2120.
    doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add2120pmc: PMC9876546pubmed: 36696509google scholar: lookup
  32. Motiani KK, Collado MC, Eskelinen JJ, Virtanen KA, Löyttyniemi E, Salminen S. Exercise training modulates gut microbiota profile and improves Endotoxemia.. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2020;52:94–104.
    doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002112pmc: PMC7028471pubmed: 31425383google scholar: lookup
  33. Myćka G, Ropka-Molik K, Cywińska A, Szmatoła T, Stefaniuk‐Szmukier M. Molecular insights into the lipid-carbohydrates metabolism switch under the endurance effort in Arabian horses.. Equine Vet. J. 2023;56:586–597.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13984pubmed: 37565649google scholar: lookup
  34. Newell ML, Wallis GA, Hunter AM, Newell M, Wallis G, Hunter A. Metabolic responses to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise: associations between carbohydrate dose and endurance performance.. Nutrients 2018;10:37.
    doi: 10.3390/nu10010037pmc: PMC5793265pubmed: 29301367google scholar: lookup
  35. Nieman DC, Sakaguchi CA, Williams JC, Lawson J, Lambirth KC, Omar AM. Gut abundance linked to elevated post-exercise inflammation.. J. Sport Health Sci. 2025;14:101039.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2025.101039pmc: PMC12145743pubmed: 40194740google scholar: lookup
  36. Ochten NAV, Suckow E, Forbes L. The structural and functional aspects of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling and the impact of exercise on cardiovascular outcomes.. Ann. Med. 2025;57:2499959.
    doi: 10.20022/j.cnki.1000-1166.2022050003pmc: PMC12086911pubmed: 40377449google scholar: lookup
  37. Ouyang W, Qi JZ, Si RB, Wang D, Zheng WX, Wang W. Key points of feeding and management for young sportive Yili horses.. Xinjiang Animal Husbandry 2023;39:26–30.
    doi: 10.16795/j.cnki.xjxmy.2023.4.004google scholar: lookup
  38. Peng X, Wang t, Meng j. Correlation analysis of cardiac dimensions and racing performance in 2 years old Yili horses.. J. Vet. Med. 2024;55:2963–2972.
  39. Pınar O, Sancak AA. Effects of different heart dimensions on race performance in thoroug bred race horses.. Acta Sci. Vet. 2018;46:7.
    doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.84209google scholar: lookup
  40. Qiu P, Ishimoto T, Fu L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Liu Y. The gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease.. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2022;12:3992.
    doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.733992pmc: PMC8902753pubmed: 35273921google scholar: lookup
  41. Santos MM, Ramos GV, de Figueiredo IM, Silva TCBV, Lacerda-Neto JC. Cardiac changes after lactate-guided conditioning in young purebred Arabian horses.. Animals 2023;13:1800.
    doi: 10.3390/ani13111800pmc: PMC10252023pubmed: 37889733google scholar: lookup
  42. Solouki S, Gorgani-Firuzjaee S, Jafary H, Delfan M. Efficacy of high-intensity interval and continuous endurance trainings on cecal microbiota metabolites and inflammatory factors in diabetic rats induced by high-fat diet.. PLoS One 2024;19:e0301532.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301532pmc: PMC11020751pubmed: 38626052google scholar: lookup
  43. Tanase DM, Gosav EM, Neculae E, Costea CF, Ciocoiu M, Hurjui LL. Role of gut microbiota on onset and progression of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM).. Nutrients 2020;12:3719.
    doi: 10.3390/nu12123719pmc: PMC7760723pubmed: 33276482google scholar: lookup
  44. Tanca A, Palomba A, Fiorito G, Abbondio M, Pagnozzi D, Uzzau S. Metaproteomic portrait of the healthy human gut microbiota.. Npj Biofilms Microb 2024;10:54.
    doi: 10.1038/s41522-024-00526-4pmc: PMC11214629pubmed: 38944645google scholar: lookup
  45. Tao J-s, Su S-f, Zhang J-q, Wu HQ, Zhao JL, Hu H. Research advances on microbial composition in horse intestinal tract and influencing factors.. Anim. Husbandry Feed Sci. 2021;42:61–66.
  46. Vasco C, Brinkley-Bissinger K, Paschoal VR, Lance J. 110 fecal pH, dry matter and volatile fatty acids of horses grazing legume-grass mixed pastures.. J. Anim. Sci. 2020;98:90–90.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skaa278.164google scholar: lookup
  47. Wang T, Meng J, Wang J, Ren W, Yang X, Adina W. Absolute quantitative Lipidomics reveals differences in lipid compounds in the blood of trained and untrained Yili horses.. Vet. Sci. 2025;12:255.
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci12030255pmc: PMC11945474pubmed: 40266993google scholar: lookup
  48. Wang J, Zhu G, Sun C, Xiong K, Yao T, Su Y. TAK-242 ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.. Microb. Cell Factories 2020;19:158.
    doi: 10.1186/s12934-020-01417-xpmc: PMC7412642pubmed: 32762699google scholar: lookup
  49. Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Pingwara R, Winnicka A. The effect of physical training on peripheral blood mononuclear cell ex vivo proliferation, differentiation, activity, and reactive oxygen species production in racehorses.. Antioxidants 2020;9:1155.
    doi: 10.3390/antiox9111155pmc: PMC7699811pubmed: 33233549google scholar: lookup
  50. Wu N, Li X, Ma H, Zhang X, Liu B, Wang Y. The role of the gut microbiota and fecal microbiota transplantation in neuroimmune diseases.. Front. Neurol. 2023;14:8738.
    doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1108738pmc: PMC9929158pubmed: 36816570google scholar: lookup
  51. Wu Q, Zhang H-r, Sun J-d, Chen YB, Tian X, Lan HL. Evaluation of biventricular myocardial strain in amateur marathoners by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging with feature tracking technique.. Radiol Pract 2024;39:1051–1058.
    doi: 10.13609/j.cnki.1000-0313.2024.08.011google scholar: lookup
  52. Xia W, Li X, Han R, Liu X. Microbial champions: the influence of gut microbiota on athletic performance via the gut-brain Axis.. Open Access J. Sports Med. 2024;15:209–228.
    doi: 10.2147/OAJSM.S485703pmc: PMC11651067pubmed: 39691802google scholar: lookup
  53. Yang W, Xu Y, Wu P, Chen J, Cai Y, Zhou J. Characteristics of the gut microbiota in professional martial arts athletes: A comparison between different competition levels.. Plos One 2019;14:e0226240.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226240pmc: PMC6934331pubmed: 31881037google scholar: lookup
  54. Yang J, Zhang W, Dong C. Gut microbiota alteration with moderate-to-vigorous-intensity exercise in middle school female football athletes.. Biology 2025;14:211.
    doi: 10.3390/biology14020211pmc: PMC11852635pubmed: 40001979google scholar: lookup
  55. Yokoyama S, Hayashi M, Goto T, Muto Y, Tanaka K. Identification of cfxA gene variants and susceptibility patterns in β-lactamase-producing Prevotella strains.. Anaerobe 2023;79:102688.
    doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102688pubmed: 36580990google scholar: lookup
  56. Yu C, Liu S, Chen L, Shen J, Niu Y, Wang T. Effect of exercise and butyrate supplementation on microbiota composition and lipid metabolism.. J. Endocrinol. 2019;243:125–135.
    doi: 10.1530/JOE-19-0122pubmed: 31454784google scholar: lookup
  57. Zhao YC, Gao Bh. Integrative effects of resistance training and endurance training on mitochondrial remodeling in skeletal muscle.. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2024;124:2851–2865.
    doi: 10.1007/s00421-024-05549-5pubmed: 38981937google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,280 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.