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Frontiers in veterinary science2025; 12; 1572944; doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1572944

Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks are unable to transstadially transmit Theileria haneyi to horses.

Abstract: The recent discovery of , a tick-borne hemoparasite that causes mild clinical signs of equine piroplasmosis, has added complexity to the diagnosis of this reportable disease, which is prevalent among equids globally. Knowledge gaps regarding competent tick vectors that can transmit and the recent outbreak of in the US has prompted us to conduct this study. Our objective was to investigate whether can transstadially transmit to horses. Unassigned: larvae (0.5 g) and nymphs ( = 500) were fed on a splenectomized -infected horse for parasite acquisition. During the tick feeding period, parasitemia was monitored using nested PCR (nPCR) and blood smear analysis. The acquisition ticks fed until repletion and were transferred to an incubator for molting. Concomitantly, red blood cells (RBCs) were collected from the acquisition horse for further infection. Freshly molted nymphs ( = 282) and adults ( = 212), 22 offsprings of the acquisition larvae and nymphs, respectively, were placed on two individual naïve spleen-intact horses for transstadial parasite transmission. Another naïve horse was inoculated with 1 mL of RBCs from the acquisition horse. After tick infestation and RBC inoculation, the transmission horses were monitored for 38 days for the presence of DNA in their peripheral blood using nPCR, as well as for any clinical signs of infection. Unassigned: The splenectomized acquisition horse developed canonical signs of acute infection during tick acquisition. The percentage of parasitized RBCs in the acquisition horse varied between 2.2 and 8.1% during the tick feeding stage. Out of a subset of 10 engorged larvae that fed on the acquisition horse, all ticks tested nPCR positive for However, only 4 out of 10 engorged nymphs that fed on the acquisition horse tested PCR positive for . We found no evidence for the presence of parasite DNA in the transmission ticks or in the horse's blood nor did we observe any clinical signs of infection in the transmission horses. In contrast, the horse inoculated with RBCs from the acquisition horse tested nPCR positive for 15 days after inoculation. It showed parasites in blood smear and developed canonical clinical signs of acute infection. Unassigned: The findings show that ticks cannot transstadially transmit to horses.
Copyright © 2025 Poh, Oyen, Onzere, Kappmeyer and Bastos.
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Publication Date: 2025-04-02 PubMed ID: 40241805PubMed Central: PMC11999960DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1572944Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study investigated if Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks could transmit Theileria haneyi, a new tick-borne pathogen, to horses. The findings showed that these ticks are unable to transmit the pathogen to horses.

Background of the Study

  • This research was conducted following the recent discovery of Theileria haneyi, a tick-borne parasite causing mild signs of equine piroplasmosis.
  • The newfound complexity added to diagnosing this disease and the recent outbreak in the US necessitated understanding competent tick vectors capable of transmitting Theileria haneyi. Hence, the study aims to investigate if Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks could transmit the parasite to horses.

Methodology

  • The researchers conducted this study using Haemaphysalis longicornis larvae and nymphs. The ticks were fed on a Theileria haneyi-infected horse and then transferred to an incubator for molting.
  • Meanwhile, red blood cells were collected from the infected horse for subsequent infection. Molted nymphs and adults, as well as offsprings of the larvae and nymphs, were placed on healthy horses to examine potential transmission.
  • Another control group horse was inoculated with red blood cells collected from the infected horse.
  • The horses were then monitored for over a month for the presence of Theileria haneyi DNA in their blood and potential clinical signs of infection.

Findings

  • The infected horse used for the ticks’ acquisition developed signs of acute Theileria haneyi infection, while the percentage of parasitized red blood cells varied significantly.
  • All engorged larvae that fed on the infected horse were found positive for Theileria haneyi, though only a subset of nymphs tested positive.
  • However, no evidence of parasite DNA was found in horses that were exposed to the ticks and their offsprings. No clinical signs of infection were observed either.
  • On the other hand, the control group horse inoculated with red blood cells from the infected horse tested positive for Theileria haneyi and developed signs of acute infection.

Conclusion

  • The study concluded that Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks cannot transmit Theileria haneyi to horses, thus ruling out these ticks as a vector for the transmission of this parasite.

Cite This Article

APA
Poh KC, Oyen K, Onzere CK, Kappmeyer LS, Bastos RG. (2025). Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks are unable to transstadially transmit Theileria haneyi to horses. Front Vet Sci, 12, 1572944. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2025.1572944

Publication

Frontiers in veterinary science
ISSN: 2297-1769
NlmUniqueID: 101666658
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 1572944
PII: 1572944

Researcher Affiliations

Poh, Karen C
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Oyen, Kennan
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Onzere, Cynthia K
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States.
Bastos, Reginaldo G
  • Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, United States.
  • Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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