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Home / Equine Research Bank / Sci Rep / Histological evaluation of cardiac remodelling in equine ath...
Scientific reports2024; 14(1); 16709; doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67621-6

Histological evaluation of cardiac remodelling in equine athletes.

Abstract: Approximately 1-2 per 100,000 young athletes die from sudden cardiac death (SCD) and extreme exercise may be associated with myocardial scar and arrhythmias. Racehorses have a high prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and SCD but the presence of myocardial scar and inflammation has not been evaluated. Cardiac tissues from the left (LAA) and right (RAA) atrial appendages, left ventricular anterior (LVAPM) and posterior (LVPPM) papillary muscles, and right side of the interventricular septum (IVS-R) were harvested from racehorses with sudden cardiac death (SCD, n = 16) or other fatal injuries (OFI, n = 17), constituting the athletic group (ATH, n = 33), and compared to sedentary horses (SED, n = 10). Horses in the ATH group had myocyte hypertrophy at all sites; increased fibrosis at all sites other than the LAA; increased fibroblast infiltration but a reduction in the overall extracellular matrix (ECM) volume in the RAA, LVAPM, and IVS-R compared to SED horses. In this horse model, athletic conditioning was associated with myocyte hypertrophy and a reduction in ECM. There was an excess of fibrocyte infiltration and focal fibrosis that was not present in non-athletic horses, raising the possibility of an exercise-induced pro-fibrotic substrate.
© 2024. The Author(s).
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Publication Date: 2024-07-19 PubMed ID: 39030282PubMed Central: PMC11271503DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67621-6Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research examines the impact of extreme exercise on the heart of racehorses, particularly in relation to heart disease and sudden cardiac death (SCD). The study concludes that athletic conditioning in horses is linked to myocyte hypertrophy (increase in size of cardiac muscle cells) and reduction of the extracellular matrix (ECM), along with excessive fibrocyte infiltration and localized fibrosis.

Investigation into Heart Disease and Exercise in Horses

  • Previous research has linked extreme exercise in young athletes to SCD and myocardial scar—an abnormal tissue that forms after injury to the heart muscle. This study investigated the extent and nature of this issue in racehorses, which also display a high prevalence of SCD and atrial fibrillation (AF).
  • The researchers harvested cardiac tissues from different areas of the horse’s heart from two groups: athletic horses (ATH) that experienced sudden cardiac death (SCD) or other fatal injuries and sedentary horses (SED).

Cardiac Changes in Athletic Horses

  • It was found that the ATH group had myocyte hypertrophy at all sites. Myocytes are muscle cells, and hypertrophy points to an increase in their size which is a common response to stress such as high blood pressure or heart attacks.
  • The ATH horses also exhibited increased fibrosis (formation of excess fibrous connective tissue) in all examined areas apart from the left atrial appendage (LAA). Fibrosis usually signifies tissue damage or presence of a disease.
  • Increased infiltration of fibroblasts (cells that produce the structural framework for animal tissues) was noted, although overall extracellular matrix (ECM) volume was reduced in certain areas of the heart. The ECM provides structural and biochemical support to cells and its reduction may suggest a decreased ability to heal and renew tissue in the heart.

Exercise-Induced Cardiac Changes in Horses

  • The findings from this study showed a correlation between athletic conditioning in horses and both myocyte hypertrophy and reduction in ECM. This may suggest that continuous and intense exercise may be detrimental to the heart’s structure and functions.
  • Presence of excess fibrocyte infiltration (involvement of cells that contribute to wound healing) and focal fibrosis that was absent in the SED group, raises the possibility of an exercise-induced pro-fibrotic substrate in the ATH group. However, further studies are needed to assert this hypothesis.

Cite This Article

APA
Nath LC, Saljic A, Buhl R, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Ye C, Schmidt Royal H, Lundgren Virklund K, Agbaedeng TA, Stent A, Franklin S. (2024). Histological evaluation of cardiac remodelling in equine athletes. Sci Rep, 14(1), 16709. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-67621-6

Publication

Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
NlmUniqueID: 101563288
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Pages: 16709

Researcher Affiliations

Nath, L C
  • University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. lauracnath@gmail.com.
Saljic, A
  • University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Buhl, R
  • University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Elliott, A
  • University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
La Gerche, A
  • St Vincents Institute Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia.
Ye, C
  • University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Schmidt Royal, H
  • University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Lundgren Virklund, K
  • University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Agbaedeng, T A
  • University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
Stent, A
  • University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
Franklin, S
  • University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal
  • Ventricular Remodeling
  • Death, Sudden, Cardiac / pathology
  • Death, Sudden, Cardiac / veterinary
  • Death, Sudden, Cardiac / etiology
  • Horse Diseases / pathology
  • Fibrosis
  • Male
  • Myocardium / pathology
  • Female
  • Extracellular Matrix
  • Myocytes, Cardiac / pathology

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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