FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Influenza Other Respir Viruses / Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold...
Influenza and other respiratory viruses2010; 4(6); 327-337; doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.x

Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine.

Abstract: To understand human influenza in a historical context of viral circulation in avian species, mammals, and in the environment. Methods: Historical review. Methods: Global events in a variety of circumstances over more than 3,000 years time. Methods: Comprehensive review of the historical literature including all major publications on pandemic and panzootic influenza. Methods: Influenza pandemics, panzootics, major epidemics and epizootics, and instances of interspecies transmission of influenza A. Results: Extensive documentation of human and animal influenza over many centuries suggests that influenza A viruses have adapted to a variety of species and environmental milieu and are capable of switching between many different hosts under widely varying circumstances. Conclusions: The genetic elements of influenza A viruses circulate globally in an extensive ecosystem comprised of many avian and mammalian species and a spectrum of environments. Unstable gene constellations found in avian species become stable viruses only upon switching to secondary hosts, but may then adapt and circulate independently. It may be desirable to think of influenza A viruses as existing and evolving in a large ecosystem involving multiple hosts and environments. Implications for understanding human influenza are discussed.
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2010-10-21 PubMed ID: 20958926PubMed Central: PMC3180823DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Historical Article
  • Journal Article
  • Research Support
  • N.I.H.
  • Extramural
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study offers a historical perspective on the behavioral patterns of influenza A viruses, their ability to adapt to different hosts and environments, and their global circulation across various species and environmental settings.

Methods

The researchers conducted a historical review to gain insights into the behavior and patterns of the influenza virus across different circumstances over time. Key methods included:

  • Surveying global instances of the flu and similar viral outbreaks over more than 3,000 years.
  • Comprehensive review of historical literature including all major publications on pandemic and panzootic influenza.
  • Documenting past incidences of influenza pandemics, epidemics, and instances of inter-species transmission of influenza A.

Results

The results obtained shed light on the adaptive nature of the influenza A viruses. Here are the major findings:

  • The researchers found extensive evidence of human and animal flu accounted for over many centuries, suggesting that influenza A viruses can adapt to various species and environments.
  • Influenza A can switch between different hosts under widely varying circumstances.

Conclusion

Based on their findings, the researchers concluded that:

  • The components of the influenza A viruses move globally within a vast ecosystem comprising of many bird and mammal species and a range of environments.
  • While irregular gene groupings are found in birds, such viruses can become stable when they switch to secondary hosts. Once settled, they can adapt and circulate independently.

Implications

The study suggests that it would be helpful to understand influenza A as existing and evolving within a broader ecosystem that includes multiple hosts and environments. This perspective could provide valuable insights for comprehending and addressing human influenza.

Cite This Article

APA
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. (2010). Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 4(6), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.x

Publication

Influenza and other respiratory viruses
ISSN: 1750-2659
NlmUniqueID: 101304007
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 6
Pages: 327-337

Researcher Affiliations

Morens, David M
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. dm270q@nih.gov
Taubenberger, Jeffery K

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Birds
    • Dogs
    • Ecosystem
    • History, 15th Century
    • History, 16th Century
    • History, 17th Century
    • History, 18th Century
    • History, 19th Century
    • History, 20th Century
    • History, 21st Century
    • History, Ancient
    • History, Medieval
    • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
    • Horse Diseases / virology
    • Horses
    • Humans
    • Influenza in Birds / epidemiology
    • Influenza in Birds / virology
    • Orthomyxoviridae / pathogenicity
    • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
    • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
    • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
    • Swine
    • Swine Diseases / epidemiology
    • Swine Diseases / virology
    • Zoonoses / history
    • Zoonoses / transmission
    • Zoonoses / virology

    References

    This article includes 119 references
    1. Fleming G. Animal Plagues: Their History, Nature, and Prevention.. .
    2. Porter K. Pale Horse, Pale Rider; Three Short Novels.. .
    3. Koch R. Die Aetiologie der Milzbrand‐Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bacillus Anthracis.. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen (Breslau [Wrocław]) 1876; 2:277–310.
    4. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Fauci AS. The persistent legacy of the 1918 influenza virus.. N Engl J Med 2009 Jul 16;361(3):225-9.
      pmc: PMC2749954pubmed: 19564629doi: 10.1056/nejmp0904819google scholar: lookup
    5. Taubenberger JK, Morens DM. Pandemic influenza--including a risk assessment of H5N1.. Rev Sci Tech 2009 Apr;28(1):187-202.
      pmc: PMC2720801pubmed: 19618626doi: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1879google scholar: lookup
    6. Easterday BC, Trainer DO, Tůmová B, Pereira HG. Evidence of infection with influenza viruses in migratory waterfowl.. Nature 1968 Aug 3;219(5153):523-4.
      pubmed: 4299258doi: 10.1038/219523a0google scholar: lookup
    7. Slemons RD, Johnson DC, Osborn JS, Hayes F. Type-A influenza viruses isolated from wild free-flying ducks in California.. Avian Dis 1974 Jan-Mar;18(1):119-24.
      pubmed: 4205344
    8. Krauss S, Walker D, Pryor SP, Niles L, Chenghong L, Hinshaw VS, Webster RG. Influenza A viruses of migrating wild aquatic birds in North America.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004 Fall;4(3):177-89.
      pubmed: 15631061doi: 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.177google scholar: lookup
    9. Munster VJ, Fouchier RA. Avian influenza virus: of virus and bird ecology.. Vaccine 2009 Oct 23;27(45):6340-4.
      pubmed: 19840670doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.082google scholar: lookup
    10. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.. Microbiol Rev 1992 Mar;56(1):152-79.
      pmc: PMC372859pubmed: 1579108doi: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992google scholar: lookup
    11. Stallknecht DE, Kearney MT, Shane SM, Zwank PJ. Effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on persistence of avian influenza viruses in water.. Avian Dis 1990 Apr-Jun;34(2):412-8.
      pubmed: 2142421
    12. Alexander DJ. An overview of the epidemiology of avian influenza.. Vaccine 2007 Jul 26;25(30):5637-44.
      pubmed: 17126960doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.051google scholar: lookup
    13. Swayne DE. Understanding the complex pathobiology of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in birds.. Avian Dis 2007 Mar;51(1 Suppl):242-9.
      pubmed: 17494560doi: 10.1637/7763-110706-regr.1google scholar: lookup
    14. Olsen B, Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Waldenström J, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds.. Science 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):384-8.
      pubmed: 16627734doi: 10.1126/science.1122438google scholar: lookup
    15. Dugan VG, Chen R, Spiro DJ, Sengamalay N, Zaborsky J, Ghedin E, Nolting J, Swayne DE, Runstadler JA, Happ GM, Senne DA, Wang R, Slemons RD, Holmes EC, Taubenberger JK. The evolutionary genetics and emergence of avian influenza viruses in wild birds.. PLoS Pathog 2008 May 30;4(5):e1000076.
      pmc: PMC2387073pubmed: 18516303doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000076google scholar: lookup
    16. Wang R, Soll L, Dugan V, Runstadler J, Happ G, Slemons RD, Taubenberger JK. Examining the hemagglutinin subtype diversity among wild duck-origin influenza A viruses using ethanol-fixed cloacal swabs and a novel RT-PCR method.. Virology 2008 May 25;375(1):182-9.
      pmc: PMC2397557pubmed: 18308356doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.041google scholar: lookup
    17. Ito T, Okazaki K, Kawaoka Y, Takada A, Webster RG, Kida H. Perpetuation of influenza A viruses in Alaskan waterfowl reservoirs.. Arch Virol 1995;140(7):1163-72.
      pubmed: 7646350doi: 10.1007/bf01322743google scholar: lookup
    18. Lang AS, Kelly A, Runstadler JA. Prevalence and diversity of avian influenza viruses in environmental reservoirs.. J Gen Virol 2008 Feb;89(Pt 2):509-519.
      pubmed: 18198382doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83369-0google scholar: lookup
    19. Brown JD, Goekjian G, Poulson R, Valeika S, Stallknecht DE. Avian influenza virus in water: infectivity is dependent on pH, salinity and temperature.. Vet Microbiol 2009 Apr 14;136(1-2):20-6.
      pubmed: 19081209doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.027google scholar: lookup
    20. Salomon R, Webster RG. The influenza virus enigma.. Cell 2009 Feb 6;136(3):402-10.
      pmc: PMC2971533pubmed: 19203576doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029google scholar: lookup
    21. Campitelli L, Mogavero E, De Marco MA, Delogu M, Puzelli S, Frezza F, Facchini M, Chiapponi C, Foni E, Cordioli P, Webby R, Barigazzi G, Webster RG, Donatelli I. Interspecies transmission of an H7N3 influenza virus from wild birds to intensively reared domestic poultry in Italy.. Virology 2004 May 20;323(1):24-36.
      pubmed: 15165816doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.015google scholar: lookup
    22. Rusii L. Hippiatria Sive Marescalia.. .
    23. De Solleysel J. Le Parfait Mareschal, Qui Enseigne A Connoistre La Beauté, La Bonté, Et Les Defauts Des Chevaux, Les Signes & les Causes des maladies: les moyens de les prévenir, leur guerison, & le bon ou mauvais usage de la Purgation & de la Saignée. La maniere de les conserver dans les Voyages, de les nourit & de les penser selon l’ordre. La Ferrure sur les desseins des Fers, qui rétabliront les méchans pieds, & conserveront les bons. Ensemble Un Traité du Haras, pour élever de beaux & de bons poulains; & les Préceptes pour bien Emboucher le Chevaux: Avec les Figures necessaires. Neuvième Edition.. .
    24. Gibson W. A New Treatise on the Diseases of Horses.. .
    25. Osmer W. A Dissertation on Horses.. .
    26. Saillant [C‐J]. Tableau historique et raisonné des épidémies catarrhales, vulgairement dites la grippe; depuis 1510 jusques & y compris celle de 1780, avec l’indication des traitemens curatifs & des moyens propres à s’en préserver.. .
    27. De Villalba J. Epidemiologia española; ó, Historia cronológica de las pestes, contagios, epidemias y epizootias que han acaecido en España desde la venida de los cartagineses, hasta el año 1801, con noticia de algunas otras enfermedades de esta especie que han sufrido los españoles en otros reynos, y de los autores nacionales que han escrito sobre esta materia, así en la península como fuera de ella.. .
    28. Schnurrer F. Geographische Nosologie; oder die Lehre von den Veränderungen der Krankheiten in den verschiedenen Gegenden der Erde, in Verbindung mit physischer Geographie und Natur‐Geschichte des Menschen.. .
    29. Schnurrer F. Chronik der Seuchen, in Verbindung mit den gleichzeitigen Vorgängen in der physischen Welt und in der Geschichte der Menschen.. Tübingen: Osiander, 1823, 1825.
    30. Gluge G. Die Grippe oder Influenza. Eine historisch‐pathologische Abhandlung; in Hecker JFC. (ed.): Neue wissenschaftliche Annalen der gesammten Heilkunde, Dritter Band.. Berlin: Theod[or] Christ[ian] Friedr[ich] Enslin, 1836; 129–171.
    31. Thompson T. Annals of Influenza or Epidemic Catarrhal Fever in Great Britain From 1510 to 1837.. London: Sydenham Society, 1852.
    32. Parkes E. Influenza; in Reynolds J. (ed.): A System of Medicine.. London: MacMillan and Company, 1866; 27–50.
    33. Fleming G. Animal Plagues: Their History, Nature, and Prevention. Volume II. (From A. D. 1800–1844).. London: Baillière, Tindall, and Cox, 1882.
    34. Zeviani GV. Sul catarrho epidemico opuscolo.. Memorie di Matematica e di Fisica (Societa Italiana delle scienze; Modena) 1804; 11:476–530.
    35. Creighton C. Influenza; in Creighton C. (ed.): A History of Epidemics in Great Britain from AD 664 to the Extinction of Plague.. Cambridge: University Press, 1891; 397–413.
    36. Paulet J‐J. Recherches historiques & physiques sur les maladies epizootiques, avec les moyens d’y rémedier, dans tous les cas.. Paris: Rualt, 1775.
    37. Leichtenstern O. Influenza; in Nothnagel H. (ed.): Cholera asiatica und Cholera nostras, von C Liebermeister. Influenza und Dengue, von O Leichtenstern. Der Keuchhusten Der Bostock’sche Sommerkatarrh, das sogenannte Heufieber, von Georg Sticker. Influenza and dengue.. Wien: Alfred Hölder, 1896; 1–198.
    38. Finkler D. Influenza; in Stedman T. (ed.): Twentieth Century Practice: An International Encyclopedia of Modern Medical Science By Leading Authorities of Europe and America. Volume XV. Infectious Diseases.. New York: William Wood & Company, 1898; 3–249.
    39. Creighton C. Influenzas and epidemic agues A History of Epidemics in Great Britain. Volume II. From the Extinction of Plague to the Present Time.. Cambridge: University Press, 1894; 300–433.
    40. Corradi A. Annali delle epidemie occorse in Italia dalle prime memorie fino al 1850. Parte Prima. Dalle Prime Memorie Fino al 1500.. Bologna: Gamberini e Parmeggiani, 1865.
    41. Hamer WH. The Milroy lectures on epidemic diseases in England – the evidence of variability and persistence of type. Lecture II.. Lancet 1906; 1:655–662.
    42. Clarkson F. The history of influenza.. Canad M Month 1920; 4:59–63.
    43. Law J. Influenza in horses; in Agriculture Commission (ed.): Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1872.. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874; 203–248.
    44. Wilson J, Da Costa J. Influenza; In Wilson J, Da Costa J. (eds): A Treatise on the Continued Fevers.. New York: William Wood & Company, 1881; 10–45.
    45. Clemow F. Epidemic influenza.. Proceedings of the Society of Medical Officers of Public Health. Public Health 18891890; 2:358–367.
    46. Anonymous. Annals of Fulda [Annales Fuldenses].. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992.
    47. Short T. A general chronological history of the air, weather, seasons, meteors, &c Sundry Places and Different Times…: With Some of Their Most Remarkable Effects on Animal (Especially Human) Bodies, and Vegetables; in Two Volumes.. London: T. Longman, A. Millar, 1749.
    48. Sennerto D. De Catarrho & Tussi epidemia; in Sennert D. (ed.) De Febribus Libri IV.. Wittbergæ: Zachariam Schurerum, 1619; 1055–1064.
    49. Sprengel K. Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde. Dritter Theil.. Halle: Johann Jacob Gebauer, 1801.
    50. SOVINOVA O, TUMOVA B, POUSKA F, NEMEC J. Isolation of a virus causing respiratory disease in horses.. Acta Virol 1958 Jan-Mar;2(1):52-61.
      pubmed: 13533033
    51. Madić J, Martinović S, Naglić T, Hajsig D, Cvetnić S. Serological evidence for the presence of A/equine-1 influenza virus in unvaccinated horses in Croatia.. Vet Rec 1996 Jan 20;138(3):68.
      pubmed: 8629334doi: 10.1136/vr.138.3.68google scholar: lookup
    52. WADDELL GH, TEIGLAND MB, SIGEL MM. A NEW INFLUENZA VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH EQUINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1963 Sep 15;143:587-90.
      pubmed: 14077956
    53. Paillot R, Hannant D, Kydd JH, Daly JM. Vaccination against equine influenza: quid novi?. Vaccine 2006 May 8;24(19):4047-61.
      pubmed: 16545507doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.030google scholar: lookup
    54. Alford RH, Kasel JA, Lehrich JR, Knight V. Human responses to experimental infection with influenza A/Equi 2 virus.. Am J Epidemiol 1967 Jul;86(1):185-92.
      pubmed: 4951557doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120723google scholar: lookup
    55. MINUSE E, MCQUEEN JL, DAVENPORT FM, FRANCIS T Jr. STUDIES OF ANTIBODIES TO 1956 AND 1963 EQUINE INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN HORSES AND MAN.. J Immunol 1965 Apr;94:563-6.
      pubmed: 14299031
    56. Fleming G. Influenza in horses.. J Comp Med & Vet Arch 1891; 12:129–137.
    57. Forster T. Illustrations of the Atmospherical Origin of Epidemic Diseases, and of Its Relation to Their Predisponent Constitutional Causes, Exemplified by Historical Notices and Cases, and on the Twofold Means of Prevention, Mitigation, and Cure, and of the Powerful Influence of Change of Air, as a Principal Remedy. To which are Appended, Popular Rules for the Maintenance of Health, 2nd edn. Chelmsford: Meggy & Chalk, 1829.
    58. Moore V. Influenza; in Moore V. (ed.) The Pathology and Differential Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases of Animals.. Ithaca, New York: Taylor & Carpenter, 1906; 440–445.
    59. Bissett C. An Essay on the Medical Constitution of Great Britain. To Which are Added Observations on the Weather, and the Diseases Which Appear in the Period Included Betwixt the First of January 1758, and the Summer Solstice in 1760. Together With A Narrative of the Throat Distemper, and the Miliary Fever, Which Were Epidemical in the Duchy of Cleveland, in 1760. Likewise, Observations on the Effects of Some Antihelminthics, Particularly the Great Bastard, Black Hellibore, or Bear’s‐Foot.. London: A. Millar, D. Wilson, 1762.
    60. Judson A. Report on the origin and progress of the epizootic among horses in 1872, with a table of mortality in New York. Illustrated with maps Board of Health of the City of New York (eds). Third Annual Report of the Board of Health of the Health Department of the City of New York, April 11, 1872, to April 30, 1873.. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873; 250–291.
    61. Rutty J. A Chronological History of the Weather & Seasons, and of the Prevailing Diseases in Dublin, With Their various Periods, Successions, and Revolutions, during the Space of Forty Years. With A comparative View of the Difference of the Irish Climate and Diseases, and those of England and other Countries.. London: Robinson and Roberts, 1770.
    62. Anonymous. Veterinary science; in Ripley G, Dana CA. (eds): The American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge.. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876: 331–336.
    63. Hutton T, Galen Treichler G, Seip G. On the epidemic influenza.. Med & Surg Reporter, Phila 1873; 28(14 [no. 840]):275–281.
    64. Tyrrell G. The epidemic influenza.. Pac Med Surg J. 1873; 6:213–225.
    65. Willingham C. Rambling Rose.. New York: Delacorte Press; 1972.
    66. Fricke A, Leidy J. The horse epidemic of October and November 1872. With a statement of microscopical appearances of specimens.. Phil Med Times 1873; 3:211–213.
    67. Sammarco A. Images of America: The Great Boston Fire of 1872.. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 1997.
    68. Tibbals N. Appendix. Report on diseases of horses In: Board of Health of the City of New Haven (ed). The Fifth Annual Report of the Board of Health of the City of New Haven 1877.. New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1878; 65–67.
    69. Soper G. Influenza in horses and in man.. NY Med J 1919; 109:720–724.
    70. Mathers G. The streptococcus in acute epidemic respiratory infection of horses, so‐called equine influenza, stable fever, shipping fever, equine typhoid fever, contagious pleuropneumonia, etc.. J Infect Dis 1918; 22:74–79.
    71. Kendal AP, Minuse E, Maassab HF, Hennessy AV, Davenport FM. Influenza neuraminidase antibody patterns of man.. Am J Epidemiol 1973 Aug;98(2):96-103.
      pubmed: 4125129doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121543google scholar: lookup
    72. Dowdle WR. Influenza A virus recycling revisited.. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77(10):820-8.
      pmc: PMC2557748pubmed: 10593030
    73. Dowdle WR. Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Jan;12(1):34-9.
      pmc: PMC3291401pubmed: 16494714doi: 10.3201/eid1201.051013google scholar: lookup
    74. Clemow F. The recent pandemic of influenza: its place of origin and mode of spread.. Lancet 1894; 1:139–143.
    75. Barrier C. De la maladie des chiens Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques. In: Chabert P, Flandrin P.], Huzard J‐B. Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques. Tome V. Deuxième ed.. Paris: Huzard, An XII [1804]; 123–148.
    76. Parkes E. Influenza; In Reynolds J, Hartshorne H. (eds): System of Medicine.. Philadelphia: Henry C. Lea’s Son, 1880; 33–47.
    77. Crawford PC, Dubovi EJ, Castleman WL, Stephenson I, Gibbs EP, Chen L, Smith C, Hill RC, Ferro P, Pompey J, Bright RA, Medina MJ, Johnson CM, Olsen CW, Cox NJ, Klimov AI, Katz JM, Donis RO. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs.. Science 2005 Oct 21;310(5747):482-5.
      pubmed: 16186182doi: 10.1126/science.1117950google scholar: lookup
    78. Hoelzer K, Murcia PR, Baillie GJ, Wood JL, Metzger SM, Osterrieder N, Dubovi EJ, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Intrahost evolutionary dynamics of canine influenza virus in naive and partially immune dogs.. J Virol 2010 May;84(10):5329-35.
      pmc: PMC2863817pubmed: 20219907doi: 10.1128/jvi.02469-09google scholar: lookup
    79. Dubovi EJ, Njaa BL. Canine influenza.. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008 Jul;38(4):827-35, viii.
      pubmed: 18501281doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.03.004google scholar: lookup
    80. Koen JS. A practical method for field diagnosis of swine diseases.. Am J Vet Med 1919; 14:468–470.
    81. Shope RE. THE ETIOLOGY OF SWINE INFLUENZA.. Science 1931 Feb 20;73(1886):214-5.
      pubmed: 17729823doi: 10.1126/science.73.1886.214google scholar: lookup
    82. Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG. Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus.. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2001 Dec 29;356(1416):1829-39.
      pmc: PMC1088558pubmed: 11779381doi: 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020google scholar: lookup
    83. Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. Understanding influenza backward.. JAMA 2009 Aug 12;302(6):679-80.
      pmc: PMC2778482pubmed: 19671909doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1127google scholar: lookup
    84. Webby RJ, Swenson SL, Krauss SL, Gerrish PJ, Goyal SM, Webster RG. Evolution of swine H3N2 influenza viruses in the United States.. J Virol 2000 Sep;74(18):8243-51.
      pmc: PMC116332pubmed: 10954521doi: 10.1128/jvi.74.18.8243-8251.2000google scholar: lookup
    85. Olsen CW. The emergence of novel swine influenza viruses in North America.. Virus Res 2002 May 10;85(2):199-210.
      pubmed: 12034486doi: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00027-8google scholar: lookup
    86. Reperant LA, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kuiken T. Avian influenza viruses in mammals.. Rev Sci Tech 2009 Apr;28(1):137-59.
      pubmed: 19618623doi: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1876google scholar: lookup
    87. Tu J, Zhou H, Jiang T, Li C, Zhang A, Guo X, Zou W, Chen H, Jin M. Isolation and molecular characterization of equine H3N8 influenza viruses from pigs in China.. Arch Virol 2009;154(5):887-90.
      pubmed: 19396578doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0381-1google scholar: lookup
    88. Brown IH. The epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs.. Vet Microbiol 2000 May 22;74(1-2):29-46.
      pubmed: 10799776doi: 10.1016/s0378-1135(00)00164-4google scholar: lookup
    89. Pensaert M, Ottis K, Vandeputte J, Kaplan MM, Bachmann PA. Evidence for the natural transmission of influenza A virus from wild ducts to swine and its potential importance for man.. Bull World Health Organ 1981;59(1):75-8.
      pmc: PMC2396022pubmed: 6973418
    90. Dunham EJ, Dugan VG, Kaser EK, Perkins SE, Brown IH, Holmes EC, Taubenberger JK. Different evolutionary trajectories of European avian-like and classical swine H1N1 influenza A viruses.. J Virol 2009 Jun;83(11):5485-94.
      pmc: PMC2681951pubmed: 19297491doi: 10.1128/jvi.02565-08google scholar: lookup
    91. Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Smith CB, Emery SL, Hillman MJ, Rivailler P, Smagala J, de Graaf M, Burke DF, Fouchier RA, Pappas C, Alpuche-Aranda CM, López-Gatell H, Olivera H, López I, Myers CA, Faix D, Blair PJ, Yu C, Keene KM, Dotson PD Jr, Boxrud D, Sambol AR, Abid SH, St George K, Bannerman T, Moore AL, Stringer DJ, Blevins P, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Ginsberg M, Kriner P, Waterman S, Smole S, Guevara HF, Belongia EA, Clark PA, Beatrice ST, Donis R, Katz J, Finelli L, Bridges CB, Shaw M, Jernigan DB, Uyeki TM, Smith DJ, Klimov AI, Cox NJ. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans.. Science 2009 Jul 10;325(5937):197-201.
      pmc: PMC3250984pubmed: 19465683doi: 10.1126/science.1176225google scholar: lookup
    92. Pasma T, Joseph T. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in swine herds, Manitoba, Canada.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Apr;16(4):706-8.
      pmc: PMC3321968pubmed: 20350394doi: 10.3201/eid1604.091636google scholar: lookup
    93. Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC. Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature.. Clin Infect Dis 2007 Apr 15;44(8):1084-8.
      pmc: PMC1973337pubmed: 17366454doi: 10.1086/512813google scholar: lookup
    94. Gaydos JC, Top FH Jr, Hodder RA, Russell PK. Swine influenza a outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976.. Emerg Infect Dis 2006 Jan;12(1):23-8.
      pmc: PMC3291397pubmed: 16494712doi: 10.3201/eid1201.050965google scholar: lookup
    95. Scholtissek C, Bürger H, Bachmann PA, Hannoun C. Genetic relatedness of hemagglutinins of the H1 subtype of influenza A viruses isolated from swine and birds.. Virology 1983 Sep;129(2):521-3.
      pubmed: 6623931doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90194-0google scholar: lookup
    96. Ito T, Couceiro JN, Kelm S, Baum LG, Krauss S, Castrucci MR, Donatelli I, Kida H, Paulson JC, Webster RG, Kawaoka Y. Molecular basis for the generation in pigs of influenza A viruses with pandemic potential.. J Virol 1998 Sep;72(9):7367-73.
      pmc: PMC109961pubmed: 9696833doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.9.7367-7373.1998google scholar: lookup
    97. Van Poucke SG, Nicholls JM, Nauwynck HJ, Van Reeth K. Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution.. Virol J 2010 Feb 16;7:38.
      pmc: PMC2829537pubmed: 20158900doi: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-38google scholar: lookup
    98. Nicholls JM, Bourne AJ, Chen H, Guan Y, Peiris JS. Sialic acid receptor detection in the human respiratory tract: evidence for widespread distribution of potential binding sites for human and avian influenza viruses.. Respir Res 2007 Oct 25;8(1):73.
      pmc: PMC2169242pubmed: 17961210doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-73google scholar: lookup
    99. Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y. Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway.. Nature 2006 Mar 23;440(7083):435-6.
      pubmed: 16554799doi: 10.1038/440435agoogle scholar: lookup
    100. Peiris JS, de Jong MD, Guan Y. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health.. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007 Apr;20(2):243-67.
      pmc: PMC1865597pubmed: 17428885doi: 10.1128/cmr.00037-06google scholar: lookup
    101. Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, van Beek R, De Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Senne DA, Krauss S, Shortridge KF, Webster RG. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus.. Lancet 1998 Feb 14;351(9101):472-7.
      pubmed: 9482438doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)11212-0google scholar: lookup
    102. Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J, Regnery H, Lim W, Hall H, Perdue M, Swayne D, Bender C, Huang J, Hemphill M, Rowe T, Shaw M, Xu X, Fukuda K, Cox N. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness.. Science 1998 Jan 16;279(5349):393-6.
      pubmed: 9430591doi: 10.1126/science.279.5349.393google scholar: lookup
    103. Guan Y, Smith GJ, Webby R, Webster RG. Molecular epidemiology of H5N1 avian influenza.. Rev Sci Tech 2009 Apr;28(1):39-47.
      pubmed: 19618617doi: 10.20506/rst.28.1.1868google scholar: lookup
    104. Guan Y, Poon LL, Cheung CY, Ellis TM, Lim W, Lipatov AS, Chan KH, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Cheung CL, Leung YH, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. H5N1 influenza: a protean pandemic threat.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 May 25;101(21):8156-61.
      pmc: PMC419573pubmed: 15148370doi: 10.1073/pnas.0402443101google scholar: lookup
    105. Webster RG, Hulse-Post DJ, Sturm-Ramirez KM, Guan Y, Peiris M, Smith G, Chen H. Changing epidemiology and ecology of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza viruses.. Avian Dis 2007 Mar;51(1 Suppl):269-72.
      pubmed: 17494564doi: 10.1637/7641-050206r.1google scholar: lookup
    106. Ungchusak K, Auewarakul P, Dowell SF, Kitphati R, Auwanit W, Puthavathana P, Uiprasertkul M, Boonnak K, Pittayawonganon C, Cox NJ, Zaki SR, Thawatsupha P, Chittaganpitch M, Khontong R, Simmerman JM, Chunsutthiwat S. Probable person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A (H5N1).. N Engl J Med 2005 Jan 27;352(4):333-40.
      pubmed: 15668219doi: 10.1056/nejmoa044021google scholar: lookup
    107. Keawcharoen J, Oraveerakul K, Kuiken T, Fouchier RA, Amonsin A, Payungporn S, Noppornpanth S, Wattanodorn S, Theambooniers A, Tantilertcharoen R, Pattanarangsan R, Arya N, Ratanakorn P, Osterhaus DM, Poovorawan Y. Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Dec;10(12):2189-91.
      pmc: PMC3323383pubmed: 15663858doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040759google scholar: lookup
    108. Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, van Riel D, van Amerongen G, Baars M, Fouchier R, Osterhaus A. Avian H5N1 influenza in cats.. Science 2004 Oct 8;306(5694):241.
      pubmed: 15345779doi: 10.1126/science.1102287google scholar: lookup
    109. Fouchier RA, Schneeberger PM, Rozendaal FW, Broekman JM, Kemink SA, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan GF, Schutten M, Van Doornum GJ, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus AD. Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 Feb 3;101(5):1356-61.
      pmc: PMC337057pubmed: 14745020doi: 10.1073/pnas.0308352100google scholar: lookup
    110. Tweed SA, Skowronski DM, David ST, Larder A, Petric M, Lees W, Li Y, Katz J, Krajden M, Tellier R, Halpert C, Hirst M, Astell C, Lawrence D, Mak A. Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia.. Emerg Infect Dis 2004 Dec;10(12):2196-9.
      pmc: PMC3323407pubmed: 15663860doi: 10.3201/eid1012.040961google scholar: lookup
    111. Baronio G. Essai sur la maladie épizootique qui a regné sur les volailles, dans la Lombardie, pendant l’été de 1789; in Chabert P, Flandrin [P], Huzard [J‐B] (eds): Instructions et observations sur les maladies des animaux domestiques Tome IV. Deuxième ed.. Paris: Huzard, An X [1802]; 207–225.
    112. Perroncito E. Epizoozia tifoide nei gallinacei.. Ann Accad Agric Torino 1878; 21:87–126.
    113. Lode A, Gruber F. Bakteriologische Studien über die Aetiologie einer epidemischen Erkrankung der Hühner in Tirol (1901).. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten. 1 Abteilung: Medizinische-hygienische Bakteriologie und tierische Parasitenkunde 1901; 30:593–604.
    114. Centanni E. Die Vogelpest. Beitrag zu dem durch Kerzen filtrierbaren Virus.. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten. 1 Abteilung: Medizinische-hygienische Bakteriologie und tierische Parasitenkunde 1902; 31:145–152.
    115. Maggiora A, Valenti G. Ueber eine Seuche von exsudtivem Typhys bei Hühnern. I. Mittheilung.. Zeitschrift für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten; medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Virologie 1903; 42:185–243.
    116. Taubenberger JK, Hultin JV, Morens DM. Discovery and characterization of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus in historical context.. Antivir Ther 2007;12(4 Pt B):581-91.
      pmc: PMC2391305pubmed: 17944266
    117. Schäfer W. Vergleichende sero‐immunologische Untersuchungen über die Viren der Influenza und klassichen Geflügelpest [Comparative sero‐immunological investigations on the viruses of influenza and classical fowl plague].. Z Naturforsch 1955; 10b:81–91.
    118. Mathieu C, Moreno V, Retamal P, Gonzalez A, Rivera A, Fuller J, Jara C, Lecocq C, Rojas M, Garcia A, Vasquez M, Agredo M, Gutiérrez C, Escobar H, Fasce R, Mora J, Garcia J, Fernández J, Ternicier C, Avalos P. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in breeding turkeys, Valparaiso, Chile.. Emerg Infect Dis 2010 Apr;16(4):709-11.
      pmc: PMC3321954pubmed: 20350395doi: 10.3201/eid1604.091402google scholar: lookup
    119. Hinshaw VS, Webster RG, Naeve CW, Murphy BR. Altered tissue tropism of human-avian reassortant influenza viruses.. Virology 1983 Jul 15;128(1):260-3.
      pubmed: 6880029doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90337-9google scholar: lookup

    Citations

    This article has been cited 43 times.
    Subscribe to our newsletter
    Join 99,383 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.