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Influenza and other respiratory viruses2010; 4(6); 327-337; doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.x

Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine.

Abstract: To understand human influenza in a historical context of viral circulation in avian species, mammals, and in the environment. Methods: Historical review. Methods: Global events in a variety of circumstances over more than 3,000 years time. Methods: Comprehensive review of the historical literature including all major publications on pandemic and panzootic influenza. Methods: Influenza pandemics, panzootics, major epidemics and epizootics, and instances of interspecies transmission of influenza A. Results: Extensive documentation of human and animal influenza over many centuries suggests that influenza A viruses have adapted to a variety of species and environmental milieu and are capable of switching between many different hosts under widely varying circumstances. Conclusions: The genetic elements of influenza A viruses circulate globally in an extensive ecosystem comprised of many avian and mammalian species and a spectrum of environments. Unstable gene constellations found in avian species become stable viruses only upon switching to secondary hosts, but may then adapt and circulate independently. It may be desirable to think of influenza A viruses as existing and evolving in a large ecosystem involving multiple hosts and environments. Implications for understanding human influenza are discussed.
© 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Publication Date: 2010-10-21 PubMed ID: 20958926PubMed Central: PMC3180823DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.xGoogle Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The study offers a historical perspective on the behavioral patterns of influenza A viruses, their ability to adapt to different hosts and environments, and their global circulation across various species and environmental settings.

Methods

The researchers conducted a historical review to gain insights into the behavior and patterns of the influenza virus across different circumstances over time. Key methods included:

  • Surveying global instances of the flu and similar viral outbreaks over more than 3,000 years.
  • Comprehensive review of historical literature including all major publications on pandemic and panzootic influenza.
  • Documenting past incidences of influenza pandemics, epidemics, and instances of inter-species transmission of influenza A.

Results

The results obtained shed light on the adaptive nature of the influenza A viruses. Here are the major findings:

  • The researchers found extensive evidence of human and animal flu accounted for over many centuries, suggesting that influenza A viruses can adapt to various species and environments.
  • Influenza A can switch between different hosts under widely varying circumstances.

Conclusion

Based on their findings, the researchers concluded that:

  • The components of the influenza A viruses move globally within a vast ecosystem comprising of many bird and mammal species and a range of environments.
  • While irregular gene groupings are found in birds, such viruses can become stable when they switch to secondary hosts. Once settled, they can adapt and circulate independently.

Implications

The study suggests that it would be helpful to understand influenza A as existing and evolving within a broader ecosystem that includes multiple hosts and environments. This perspective could provide valuable insights for comprehending and addressing human influenza.

Cite This Article

APA
Morens DM, Taubenberger JK. (2010). Historical thoughts on influenza viral ecosystems, or behold a pale horse, dead dogs, failing fowl, and sick swine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses, 4(6), 327-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00148.x

Publication

Influenza and other respiratory viruses
ISSN: 1750-2659
NlmUniqueID: 101304007
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 4
Issue: 6
Pages: 327-337

Researcher Affiliations

Morens, David M
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. dm270q@nih.gov
Taubenberger, Jeffery K

    MeSH Terms

    • Animals
    • Birds
    • Dogs
    • Ecosystem
    • History, 15th Century
    • History, 16th Century
    • History, 17th Century
    • History, 18th Century
    • History, 19th Century
    • History, 20th Century
    • History, 21st Century
    • History, Ancient
    • History, Medieval
    • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
    • Horse Diseases / virology
    • Horses
    • Humans
    • Influenza in Birds / epidemiology
    • Influenza in Birds / virology
    • Orthomyxoviridae / pathogenicity
    • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / epidemiology
    • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
    • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / virology
    • Swine
    • Swine Diseases / epidemiology
    • Swine Diseases / virology
    • Zoonoses / history
    • Zoonoses / transmission
    • Zoonoses / virology

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