Analyze Diet
Equine veterinary journal2022; 55(3); 435-445; doi: 10.1111/evj.13861

Hoof morphometry in a population of lame and nonlame working donkeys in Pakistan.

Abstract: Hoof morphometry, conformation and shoeing practices have all been associated with lameness in horses. Hoof morphometry in working donkeys in Pakistan has not been objectively measured. Objective: To quantitatively assess hoof morphology in donkeys, to identify factors underlying hoof morphology, and interrelationships between conformation, lameness, and shoeing status. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Donkeys were assessed in-harness using a modified five-point lameness scale by two veterinarians and digital photographs of front hooves taken alongside a grid. Factor analysis was used to examine the interrelationships among morphometric data. Associations between conformation, shoeing, age and lameness were assessed. Results: Sixty-one donkeys were examined; 28 were unshod. There were significant left-right hoof asymmetries between heel height (0.27, SD 0.92 cm; p = 0.02), toe-heel angle (2.97°, SD 8.85°; p = 0.03) and medio-lateral symmetry (0.5, SD 1.75 cm; p = 0.05). Ten percent of donkeys (n = 6) were sound and 64% donkeys (n = 39) were consistently lame. Conformational defects were seen in 41% (n = 25) of donkeys. Eleven factors were extracted, accounting for 83% of the variance encountered in the original variables. Shoeing, and asymmetry between or within feet were not associated with lameness in donkeys; older donkeys were more likely to be lame (p = 0.02). Conclusions: As a convenience sample of draught donkeys, most of which were lame, the study may not reflect nonpathological hoof morphology in working donkeys. There are no validated objective lameness measures for donkeys and donkeys were in harness when assessed. Conclusions: This study represents a snapshot of hoof morphology and lameness in a single population and under various limitations. Further work should use larger datasets and more homogenous samples to discriminate between 'normal' and 'abnormal' feet and how these might contribute to lameness. Factor analysis highlighted the clustering of hoof morphometric features in donkeys, suggesting the potential for targeted studies in the future. Unassigned: Die Hufmorphometrie, der Körperbau und der Hufbeschlag wurden mit Lahmheiten bei Pferden in Verbindung gebracht. Die Hurmorphometrie bei Arbeitseseln in Pakistan wurde bisher nicht objektiv gemessen. Unassigned: Quantitative Bewertung der Hufmorphologie bei Eseln, Identifizierung der Faktoren, die der Hufmorphologie zugrunde liegen und Zusammenhänge zwischen Körperbau, Lahmheit und Beschlagszustand. Methods: Querschnittsstudie. Methods: Die Esel wurden mit Hilfe eines Geschirrs und anhand einer modifizierten fünfstufigen Lahmheitsskala beurteilt. Digitale Photos der Vorderhufe, die entlang eines Rasters aufgenommen wurden, wurden evaluiert. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen den morphometrischen Daten wurden mit Hilfe einer Faktorenanalyse untersucht. Es wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen Körperbau, Hufbeschlag, Alter und Lahmheit untersucht. Results: Einundsechzig Esel wurden untersucht, 28 waren unbeschlagen. Es zeigten sich signifikante Links-Recht-Asymmetrien zwischen der Trachtenhöhe (0.27 (Standardabweichung (SD)) 0.92 cm; p = 0.02), Zehen-Trachten-Winkel (2.97° SD 8.85°; p = 0.03) und medio-laterale Symmetrie (0.5, SD 1.75 cm; p = 0.05). Zehn Prozent der Esel (n = 6) waren gesund und 64% der Esel (n = 39) waren lahm. Konformations-Fehlstellungen wurden bei 41% (n = 25) der Esel festgestellt. Es wurden elf Faktoren extrahiert, die 83% der in den ursprünglichen Variablen festgestellten Varianz ausmachten. Page 37 of 37 Equine Veterinary Journal For Review Only Beschlag und Asymmetrie zwischen oder innerhalb der Hufe war bei Eseln nicht mit Lahmheit assoziiert. Ältere Esel lahmten eher (p = 0.02). WICHTIGSTE EINSCHRÄNKUNGEN: Da es sich um eine Zufallsstichprobe von Arbeitseseln handelte, von denen die meisten lahmten, spiegelt die Studie möglicherweise nicht die physiologische Hufmorphologie bei Arbeitseseln wider. Es gibt keine validierten objektiven Lahmheitsmessungen für Esel. Die Esel trugen während der Untersuchung das Geschirr. Unassigned: Diese Studie stellt eine Momentaufnahme der Hufmorphologie und Lahmheit in einer Population und unter verschiedenen Einschränkungen dar. In weiteren Arbeiten sollten grössere Datensätze und homogenere Proben verwendet werden, um zwischen „normalen“ und „abnormalen“ Hufen zu unterscheiden und um zu klären, wie diese zu Lahmheiten beitragen können. Die Faktorenanalyse hat die Häufung von morphometrischen Merkmalen bei Eseln aufgezeigt, was auf das Potenzial für gezielte Studien in der Zukunft hindeutet.
Publication Date: 2022-08-09 PubMed ID: 35837758DOI: 10.1111/evj.13861Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study investigated the hoof morphology of working donkeys in Pakistan, aiming to outline any links between hoof shape, lameness, and shoeing practices. The research revealed that older donkeys were more likely to be lame, but shoeing and hoof asymmetry were not decisive factors in lameness. The results provide information which could lead to targeted studies in the future to further investigate these factors.

Understanding the Study

The study used a cross-sectional approach and gathered its data from the assessment of working donkeys in Pakistan. The assessment process involved:

  • Using a modified five-point scale to determine any lameness by two veterinarians
  • Taking digital photographs of the front hooves to be able to closely study the morphometrics and symmetry

The researchers observed a total of 61 donkeys, 28 of which were unshod. Significant asymmetries were noted in heel height, toe-heel angle and medio-lateral symmetry. Additionally, of the total donkeys observed, 10% were not lame while 64% were consistently lame. Conformational defects were observed in 41% of all donkeys.

Morphometric Findings and Associations

The study identified eleven factors from the evaluation of morphometric data, accounting for 83% of the variance encountered. This suggested that a select set of diverse parameters were responsible for the majority of observed hoof morphological variations. Interestingly, neither the practice of shoeing donkeys, nor the asymmetry of their feet, seemed to have a clear association with their lameness. However, age was identified as a significant factor contributing to the likelihood of lameness.

Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research

As with all research, there were limitations to the study. The majority of donkeys evaluated were lame, which might skew results away from representing a ‘healthy’ standard for the hoof morphology of working donkeys. The absence of validated objective lameness measures for donkeys was also noted as a limitation.

Future research is encouraged to employ larger datasets and a more homogenous sample size. In doing so, the researchers hope to better discriminate between ‘normal’ and ‘abnormal’ hooves and gain a more accurate understanding of which factors contribute to lameness. The data collected could be particularly useful for developing targeted interventions and management strategies to reduce lameness in working donkeys.

Cite This Article

APA
Khan RZU, Rosanowski SM, Parkes RSV. (2022). Hoof morphometry in a population of lame and nonlame working donkeys in Pakistan. Equine Vet J, 55(3), 435-445. https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.13861

Publication

ISSN: 2042-3306
NlmUniqueID: 0173320
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 55
Issue: 3
Pages: 435-445

Researcher Affiliations

Khan, Raja Zabeeh Ullah
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Rosanowski, Sarah M
  • EVC Limited, Hong Kong.
  • Digital Agriculture, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Parkes, Rebecca Sarah Victoria
  • Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
  • Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Equidae
  • Hoof and Claw
  • Pakistan / epidemiology
  • Lameness, Animal / epidemiology
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Gait
  • Horse Diseases

Grant Funding

  • 9610463 / City University of Hong Kong

References

This article includes 38 references
  1. FAO STAT (2019) Food and agricultural organization statistics. Online. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA
  2. Pritchard JC, Lindberg AC, Main DCJ, Whay HR. Assessment of the welfare of working horses, mules and donkeys, using health and behaviour parameters.. Prev Vet Med 2005;69:265-83.
  3. Stringer A. One health: improving animal health for poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods.. Vet Rec 2014;175:526-9.
  4. Velázquez-Beltrán LG, Sánchez-Vera E, Nava-Bernal EG, Arriaga-Jordán CM. The role of working equines to livelihoods in current day campesino hill-slope communities in Central Mexico.. Tropl Anim Health Prod 2011;43:1623-32.
  5. Reix Nèe Broster CE, Burn CC, Pritchard JC, Barr ARS, Whay HR. The range and prevalence of clinical signs and conformation associated with lameness in working draught donkeys in Pakistan.. Equine Vet J 2014;46:771-7.
  6. Burn CC, Dennison TL, Whay HR. Environmental and demographic risk factors for poor welfare in working horses, donkeys and mules in developing countries.. Vet J 2010;186:385-92.
  7. Goraya K, Iqbal Z, Sajid MS, Muhammad G. Frequency distribution of equine diseases in three metropolises of the uper Punjab, Pakistan.. Int J Agric Biol 2013;15:1067-74.
  8. Thiemann AK, Poore LA. Hoof disorders and farriery in the donkey.. Vet Clin North Am - Equine Pract 2019;35:643-58.
  9. Tadesse D, Asefa Z, Alemu A, Endebu B, Kassaye A, Fanta A. Identification of causes and associated risk factors for lameness in working donkeys in and around Bishoftu.. J Anim Sci Vet Med 2019;4:16-23.
  10. Parkes RSV, Witte TH. The foot-surface interaction and its impact on musculoskeletal adaptation and injury risk in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2015;47:519-25.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12420google scholar: lookup
  11. Gordon S, Rogers C, Weston J, Bolwell C, Doloonjin O. The forelimb and hoof conformation in a population of Mongolian horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2013;33:90-4.
  12. Labuschagne W, Rogers CW, Gee EK, Bolwell CF. A cross-sectional survey of forelimb hoof conformation and the prevalence of flat feet in a cohort of thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand.. J Equine Vet Sci 2017;51:1-7.
  13. The Brooke. The musculoskeletal system.. The working equid veterinary manual Stansted, UK: Whittet Books Ltd; 2013. p. 351-419.
  14. Regan FH, Hockenhull J, Pritchard JC, Waterman-Pearson AE, Whay HR. Identifying behavioural differences in working donkeys in response to analgesic administration.. Equine Vet J 2015;48:33-8.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12356google scholar: lookup
  15. White JM, Mellor DJ, Duz M, Lischer CJ, Voute LC. Diagnostic accuracy of digital photography and image analysis for the measurement of foot conformation in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2008;40:623-8.
  16. Mostafa MB, Abdelgalil AI, Farhat SF, Raw Z, Kubasiewicz LM. Morphometric measurements of the feet of working donkeys Equus asinus in Egypt.. J Equine Sci 2020;21:17-22.
  17. Afifi AA, Clark V, May S. Computer-aided multivariate analysis.. 4th ed. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC; 2004.
  18. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE. Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods.. 2nd ed. Boston: PWS-Kent Pub. Co.; 1988.
  19. Hifny A, Misk NA. Anatomy of the hoof.. Assiut Vet Med J 1983;10:3-7.
  20. Keane KP, Munroe G. Lameness in the driving horse.. In: Ross MW, Dyson SJ, eds. Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse, 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2010, 1205-15.
  21. Rhodin M, Persson-Sjodin E, Egenvall A, Serra Bragança FM, Pfau T, Roepstorff L. Vertical movement symmetry of the withers in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness at trot.. Equine Vet J 2018;50:818-24.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12844google scholar: lookup
  22. Fiske-Jackson A, Pfau T, Smith RK, Witte TH, Bolt DM, Spicer-Jenkins C. Identifying optimal parameters for quantification of changes in pelvic movement symmetry as a response to diagnostic analgesia in the hindlimbs of horses.. Equine Vet J 2013;46:759-63.
  23. Pfau T, Parkes RS, Burden ER, Bell N, Fairhurst H, Witte TH. Movement asymmetry in working polo horses.. Equine Vet J 2016;48:517-22.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12467google scholar: lookup
  24. Walker AM, Wilson AM, Pfau T. Comparison of kinematic symmetry index calculations and the effects of straight and circular trotting.. Equine Vet J 2010;42:482-7.
  25. Al-Agele R, Paul E, Taylor S, Watson C, Sturrock C, Drakopoulos M. Physics of animal health: on the mechano-biology of hoof growth and form.. J R Soc Interface 2019;16:20190214.
  26. Ronchetti A, Day P, Weller R. Mediolateral hoof balance in relation to the handedness of apprentice farriers.. Vet Rec 2011;168:48.
  27. Khan RZU, Rosanowski S, Parkes RSV. Cross-sectional questionnaire of donkey owners and farriers regarding farriery practices in the Faisalabad region of Pakistan.. Animals 2022;12:709.
  28. Wilson A, Agass R, Vaux S, Sherlock E, Day P, Pfau T. Foot placement of the equine forelimb: relationship between foot conformation, foot placement and movement asymmetry.. Equine Vet J 2016;48:90-6.
  29. Ducro BJ, Gorissen B, van Eldik P, Back W. Influence of foot conformation on duration of competitive life in a Dutch warmblood horse population.. Equine Vet J 2009;41:144-8.
  30. Wiggers N, Nauwelaerts SLP, Hobbs SJ, Bool S, Wolschrijn CF, Back W. Functional locomotor consequences of uneven forefeet for trot symmetry in individual riding horses.. PLoS One 2015;10:1-14.
  31. Holroyd K, Dixon JJ, Mair T, Bolas N, Bolt DM, David F. Variation in foot conformation in lame horses with different foot lesions.. Vet J 2013;195:361-5.
  32. Pezzanite L, Bass L, Kawcak C, Goodrich L, Moorman V. The relationship between sagittal hoof conformation and hindlimb lameness in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2019;51:464-9.
  33. Dyson SJ, Tranquille CA, Collins SN, Parkin TDH, Murray RC. External characteristics of the lateral aspect of the hoof differ between non-lame and lame horses.. Vet J 2011;190:364-71.
  34. Eliashar E, McGuigan MP, Wilson AM. Relationship of foot conformation and force applied to the navicular bone of sound horses at the trot.. Equine Vet J 2004;36:431-5.
  35. Parkes R, Newton R, Dyson S. Is there an association between clinical features, response to diagnostic analgesia and radiological findings in horses with a magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of navicular disease or other injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus?. Vet J 2015;204:40-6.
  36. Moleman M, van Heel MCV, van Weeren PR, Back W. Hoof growth between two shoeing sessions leads to a substantial increase of the moment about the distal, but not the proximal, interphalangeal joint.. Equine Vet J 2006;38:170-4.
  37. Bukhari SSUH, Rosanowski SM, McElligott AG, Parkes RSV. Welfare concerns for mounted load carrying by working donkeys in Pakistan.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:886020.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.886020google scholar: lookup
  38. Wilson AM, Seelig TJ, Shield RA, Silverman BW. The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse.. Equine Vet J 1998;30:540-5.

Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Bukhari SSUH, Parkes RSV. Assessing the impact of draught load pulling on welfare in equids.. Front Vet Sci 2023;10:1214015.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1214015pubmed: 37662986google scholar: lookup
  2. Liu LL, Chen B, Chen SL, Liu WJ. A Genome-Wide Association Study of the Chest Circumference Trait in Xinjiang Donkeys Based on Whole-Genome Sequencing Technology.. Genes (Basel) 2023 May 14;14(5).
    doi: 10.3390/genes14051081pubmed: 37239441google scholar: lookup