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Home / Equine Research Bank / Front Psychol / Horses wait for more and better rewards in a delay of gratif...
Frontiers in psychology2022; 13; 954472; doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954472

Horses wait for more and better rewards in a delay of gratification paradigm.

Abstract: Self-control, defined as the ability to forgo immediate satisfaction in favor of better pay-offs in the future, has been extensively studied, revealing enormous variation between and within species. Horses are interesting in this regard because as a grazing species they are expected to show low self-control whereas its social complexity might be linked to high self-control abilities. Additionally, self-control may be a key factor in training and/or coping with potentially stressful husbandry conditions. We assessed horses' self-control abilities in a simplified delay of gratification test that can be easily implemented in a farm setting. In Experiment 1, we gave horses ( = 52) the choice between an immediately available low-quality reward and a delayed high-quality reward that could only be obtained if the horse refrained from consuming the immediate reward. Different experimenters ( = 30) that underwent prior training in the procedures, tested horses in two test phases either with their eyes visible or invisible (sunglasses). Twenty horses waited up to the maximum delay stage of 60 s while all horses performed worse in the second test phase. In Experiment 2, we improved the test procedure (i.e., one experimenter, refined criterion for success), and tested 30 additional horses in a quality and quantity condition (one reward vs. delayed bigger reward). Two horses successfully waited for 60 s (quality: = 1, quantity: = 1). Horses tolerated higher delays, if they were first tested in the quantity condition. Furthermore, horses that were fed hay , instead of in a restricted manner, reached higher delays. Coping behaviors (e.g., looking away, head movements, pawing, and increasing distance to reward) facilitated waiting success and horses were able to anticipate the upcoming delay duration as indicated by non-random distributions of giving-up times. We found no correlations between owner-assessed traits (e.g., trainability and patience) and individual performance in the test. These results suggest that horses are able to exert self-control in a delay of gratification paradigm similar to other domesticated species. Our simplified paradigm could be used to gather large scale data, e.g., to investigate the role of self-control in trainability or success in equestrian sports.
Copyright © 2022 Brucks, Härterich and König von Borstel.
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Publication Date: 2022-07-22 PubMed ID: 35936272PubMed Central: PMC9355425DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954472Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article investigates the ability of horses to exercise self-control, particularly in a scenario where they are required to delay immediate gratification for a superior reward later. The researchers utilized a simplified test that could be conducted on a farm, and observed varying results depending on different conditions and individual horse traits.

Understanding the Study

  • The study aimed to understand self-control capabilities in horses. Self-control is described as the ability to delay immediate pleasure for better rewards in the future. This quality has been the subject of much research and has been found to vary greatly between different species and even within the same species.
  • Horses are especially interesting in this regard because they are a grazing species which are usually expected to display low self-control. Yet, their social complexity could also suggest a higher level of self-control abilities.
  • The team used a simplified test that could be implemented in a farm setting to observe a horse’s self-control abilities. The test provided horses with a choice between an immediately available lower-grade reward and a delayed higher-grade reward. To receive the higher-grade reward, horses had to resist the temptation to take the immediate reward.
  • In the first test phase, 52 horses were tested by 30 different experimenters. The horses were subjected to two phases of the test where the experimenters either had their eyes visible or invisible (using sunglasses).
  • For the second test phase, the test procedures were refined and used with 30 additional horses. These horses were tested under two conditions: a quality condition and a quantity condition.

Findings from the Study

  • It was observed that 20 horses could wait up to the maximum delay stage of 60 seconds. However, all horses performed less well in the second phase of the test.
  • In the refined second phase of the test, only two horses were able to successfully wait for 60 seconds.
  • Horses tolerated higher delays when they were first tested under the quantity condition.
  • The study found that horses that were given hay continuously, as opposed to in a restricted manner, were able to endure longer waiting periods.
  • Certain behaviours, such as looking away, head movements, pawing, and increasing the distance to the reward, were associated with greater successful waiting times.
  • Horses were also observed to anticipate the upcoming delay period, as indicated by non-random patterns in the times they gave up waiting.
  • However, no correlation was found between characteristics such as trainability and patience, as assessed by the horse owners, and individual performance in the test.
  • The results from this study suggest that horses are able to display self-control in a delay of gratification paradigm akin to other domesticated species.

Implications of the Study

  • The test set up, due to its simplicity and potential for implementation on a farm, can be used to gather large scale data to study self-control in horses.
  • The study’s results could have implications for the understanding of trainability or even success in horse sports.

Cite This Article

APA
Brucks D, Härterich A, König von Borstel U. (2022). Horses wait for more and better rewards in a delay of gratification paradigm. Front Psychol, 13, 954472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.954472

Publication

Frontiers in psychology
ISSN: 1664-1078
NlmUniqueID: 101550902
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Pages: 954472
PII: 954472

Researcher Affiliations

Brucks, Désirée
  • Animal Husbandry, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
Härterich, Anna
  • Animal Husbandry, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
König von Borstel, Uta
  • Animal Husbandry, Behaviour and Welfare Group, Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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