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The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2018; 98(6); 1798-1804; doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0679

Human and Equine Infection with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Panamá during 2010: A Cross-Sectional Study of Household Contacts during an Encephalitis Outbreak.

Abstract: Members of the genera (family ) and (family ) are important zoonotic human and equine etiologic agents of neurologic diseases in the New World. In 2010, an outbreak of Madariaga virus (MADV; formerly eastern equine encephalitis virus) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infections was reported in eastern Panamá. We further characterized the epidemiology of the outbreak by studying household contacts of confirmed human cases and of equine cases with neurological disease signs. Serum samples were screened using a hemagglutination inhibition test, and human results were confirmed using plaque reduction neutralization tests. A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the human MADV and VEEV seroprevalence ratios by age (in tercile) and gender. Overall, antibody prevalence for human MADV infection was 19.4%, VEEV 33.3%, and Mayaro virus 1.4%. In comparison with individuals aged 2-20 years, people from older age groups (21-41 and > 41 years) were five times more likely to have antibodies against VEEV, whereas the MADV prevalence ratio was independent of age. The overall seroprevalence of MADV in equids was 26.3%, VEEV 29.4%, West Nile virus (WNV) 2.6%, and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) was 63.0%. Taken together, our results suggest that multiple arboviruses are circulating in human and equine populations in Panamá. Our findings of a lack of increase in the seroprevalence ratio with age support the hypothesis of recent MADV exposure to people living in the affected region.
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Publication Date: 2018-05-03 PubMed ID: 29737271PubMed Central: PMC6086197DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0679Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article presents a study that uncovers the prevalence of neurologic diseases in humans and horses, caused by Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses during an encephalitis outbreak in Panama in 2010. The study further investigates the epidemiology of the outbreak by studying those closely connected to confirmed human and equine cases.

Methodology

  • The research team studied household contacts of confirmed human cases and equine cases with signs of neurological disease.
  • Serum samples were screened using a hemagglutination inhibition test, a type of test used to measure the ability of an antibody to stop the formation of a bridge between red blood cells.
  • Results from human participants were then confirmed using plaque reduction neutralization tests, a test that helps measure the level of virus-neutralizing antibodies in blood or serum.
  • A generalized linear model was utilized to evaluate the human MADV (Madariaga virus) and VEEV (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) seroprevalence ratios by age (divided into terciles) and gender.

Results

  • The study found the antibody prevalence for human MADV infection was 19.4%, VEEV 33.3%, and Mayaro virus 1.4%.
  • Compared to individuals aged 2-20 years, people from older age groups (21-41 and > 41 years) were five times more likely to have antibodies against VEEV.
  • MADV prevalence ratio was found to be independent of age.
  • The overall seroprevalence of MADV in equids (horses) was 26.3%, VEEV 29.4%, WNV (West Nile virus) 2.6%, and SLEV (St. Louis encephalitis virus) was 63.0%.

Conclusion

  • The findings of the study suggest that multiple arboviruses are circulating in human and equine populations in Panama.
  • The seroprevalence ratio not increasing with age supports the hypothesis of recent MADV exposure to people living in the affected region, which indicates the virus is actively circulating in the population rather than being a result of past exposures.

Cite This Article

APA
Carrera JP, Bagamian KH, Travassos da Rosa AP, Wang E, Beltran D, Gundaker ND, Armien B, Arroyo G, Sosa N, Pascale JM, Valderrama A, Tesh RB, Vittor AY, Weaver SC. (2018). Human and Equine Infection with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Panamá during 2010: A Cross-Sectional Study of Household Contacts during an Encephalitis Outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 98(6), 1798-1804. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0679

Publication

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
ISSN: 1476-1645
NlmUniqueID: 0370507
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 98
Issue: 6
Pages: 1798-1804

Researcher Affiliations

Carrera, Jean-Paul
  • Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Bagamian, Karoun H
  • Bagamian Scientific Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, Florida.
  • Department of Environmental and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Travassos da Rosa, Amelia P
  • Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Wang, Eryu
  • Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Beltran, Davis
  • Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Gundaker, Nathan D
  • Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Armien, Blas
  • Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Arroyo, Gianfranco
  • Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Sosa, Néstor
  • Clinical Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Pascale, Juan Miguel
  • Clinical Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Valderrama, Anayansi
  • Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panamá City, Panamá.
Tesh, Robert B
  • Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.
Vittor, Amy Y
  • Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Weaver, Scott C
  • Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.

MeSH Terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Alphavirus / immunology
  • Alphavirus / isolation & purification
  • Alphavirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Alphavirus Infections / virology
  • Animals
  • Child
  • Child, Preschool
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Disease Outbreaks
  • Encephalitis / epidemiology
  • Encephalitis / virology
  • Family Characteristics
  • Female
  • Flavivirus / immunology
  • Flavivirus / isolation & purification
  • Flavivirus Infections / epidemiology
  • Flavivirus Infections / virology
  • Horse Diseases / epidemiology
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Panama / epidemiology
  • Seroepidemiologic Studies
  • Young Adult
  • Zoonoses

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