Humoral response and antiviral cytokine expression following vaccination of thoroughbred weanlings–a blinded comparison of commercially available vaccines.
Abstract: Previous studies in experimental ponies using interferon gamma (IFN-γ) as a marker for cell mediated immune (CMI) response demonstrated an increase in IFN-γ gene expression following vaccination with an ISCOM subunit, a canarypox recombinant and more recently, an inactivated whole virus vaccine. The objective of this study was to carry out an independent comparison of both humoral antibody and CMI responses elicited following vaccination with all these vaccine presentation systems. Antibody response of 44 Thoroughbred weanlings was monitored for three weeks following the second dose of primary vaccination (V2) by single radial haemolysis (SRH). The pattern of antibody response was similar for all vaccines. The antibody response of horses vaccinated with the inactivated whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn IE-T Plus) was superior to that of the horses vaccinated with the ISCOM-matrix subunit (Equilis Prequenza Te) and canarypox recombinant (ProteqFlu-Te) vaccine. In this study 39% of weanlings failed to seroconvert following their first dose of primary vaccination (V1). Poor response to vaccination (H3N8) was observed among weanlings vaccinated with Equilis Prequenza Te and ProteqFlu-Te but not among those vaccinated with Duvaxyn IE-T Plus. PAXgene bloods were collected on days 0, 2, 7 and 14 following V1. Gene expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β (proinflammatory cytokine) and IL-4 (B cell stimulating cytokine) were measured using RT-PCR. Mean gene expression levels of IL-1β and IL-4 peaked on day 14 post vaccination. The increase in IL-4 gene expression by horses vaccinated with Equilis Prequenza Te was significantly greater to those vaccinated with the other two products. Vaccination with all three vaccines resulted in a significant increase in IFN-γ gene expression which peaked at 7 days post V1. Overall, there was no significant difference in IFN-γ gene expression by the horses vaccinated with the whole inactivated, the subunit and the canarypox recombinant vaccines included in this study.
Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Publication Date: 2013-09-08 PubMed ID: 24021309DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.083Google Scholar: Lookup
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- Comparative Study
- Journal Article
- Research Support
- Non-U.S. Gov't
Summary
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The study compares three different vaccines in terms of their ability to provoke both humoral (antibody) and cell mediated immune responses in thoroughbred weanlings. Results showed that, while the inactivated whole virus vaccine produced the best antibody response, all three vaccines were effective in stimulating immune responses to a significant degree.
Objective of the Study
- The research aimed to make an unbiased comparison of humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune (CMI) responses triggered after vaccination using ISCOM subunit, canarypox recombinant, and an inactivated whole virus vaccine.
Vaccines Used in the Study
- Three different types of vaccines were used: an inactivated whole virus vaccine (Duvaxyn IE-T Plus), ISCOM-matrix subunit (Equilis Prequenza Te), and a canarypox recombinant vaccine (ProteqFlu-Te).
Humoral Response to Vaccination
- The antibody response of thoroughbred weanlings was monitored for three weeks following the second dose of primary vaccination by Single Radial Haemolysis (SRH).
- All the vaccines triggered similar patterns of antibody response.
- The inactivated whole virus vaccine stimulated a superior antibody response compared to the ISCOM-matrix subunit and canarypox recombinant vaccine.
- About 39% of weanlings did not show a surge in antibodies after the first vaccination.
- A poorer response was observed among weanlings vaccinated with Equilis Prequenza Te and ProteqFlu-Te compared to those vaccinated with Duvaxyn IE-T Plus.
Cell-Mediated Immune (CMI) Response to Vaccination
- Blood samples were collected on different days post vaccination to monitor the expression levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β (a proinflammatory cytokine), and IL-4 (a B cell stimulating cytokine).
- The expression levels of IL-1β and IL-4 peaked on day 14 after vaccination.
- Horses vaccinated with Equilis Prequenza Te showed a significantly higher increase in IL-4 gene expression compared to those vaccinated with the other two vaccines.
- All three vaccines resulted in a significant increase in IFN-γ gene expression, peaking at 7 days post vaccination.
- No significant difference was observed in IFN-γ gene expression among the horses vaccinated with the whole inactivated, the subunit, and the canarypox recombinant vaccines.
Conclusions
- While the inactivated whole virus vaccine triggered the best antibody response, all three vaccines were effective in provoking immune responses to a significant degree. This implies that all three vaccination systems can potentially be effective in battling diseases in the weanlings.
Cite This Article
APA
Gildea S, Quinlivan M, Murphy BA, Cullinane A.
(2013).
Humoral response and antiviral cytokine expression following vaccination of thoroughbred weanlings–a blinded comparison of commercially available vaccines.
Vaccine, 31(45), 5216-5222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.083 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, Ireland.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral / blood
- Cytokines / biosynthesis
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Horse Diseases / immunology
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
- Influenza Vaccines / administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines / immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
- Vaccination / methods
- Vaccines, Inactivated / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated / immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit / immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic / administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic / immunology
Citations
This article has been cited 14 times.- Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future.. Vet Res 2023 Mar 2;54(1):18.
- Tomlinson JE, Van de Walle GR. Nasal transmission of equine parvovirus hepatitis.. J Vet Intern Med 2022 Nov;36(6):2238-2244.
- Whitlock F, Grewar J, Newton R. An epidemiological overview of the equine influenza epidemic in Great Britain during 2019.. Equine Vet J 2023 Jan;55(1):153-164.
- Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective.. Viruses 2022 Jun 15;14(6).
- El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively.. Vaccines (Basel) 2022 May 26;10(6).
- Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ. Evaluation of concurrent vaccinations with recombinant canarypox equine influenza virus and inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccines.. J Anim Sci Technol 2022 May;64(3):588-598.
- Aida V, Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, North JF, McWhorter KL, Glover SR, Kyriakis CS. Novel Vaccine Technologies in Veterinary Medicine: A Herald to Human Medicine Vaccines.. Front Vet Sci 2021;8:654289.
- Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Alami SSE, Ragni-Alunni R, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV(®) Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study.. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 17;9(2).
- Cullinane A, Gahan J, Walsh C, Nemoto M, Entenfellner J, Olguin-Perglione C, Garvey M, Huang Fu TQ, Venner M, Yamanaka T, Barrandeguy M, Fernandez CJ. Evaluation of Current Equine Influenza Vaccination Protocols Prior to Shipment, Guided by OIE Standards.. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Feb 29;8(1).
- Dilai M, Piro M, El Harrak M, Fougerolle S, Dehhaoui M, Dikrallah A, Legrand L, Paillot R, Fassi Fihri O. Impact of Mixed Equine Influenza Vaccination on Correlate of Protection in Horses.. Vaccines (Basel) 2018 Oct 4;6(4).
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