Identification and genetic characterization of equine hepaciviruses in Italy.

The research focuses on identifying and genetically characterizing equine hepaciviruses (similar to hepatitis C virus in humans) in horses in Italy. The findings of this study reveal a 4.7% prevalence of this virus among horse populations tested and identified two distinct types of the virus without any geographic restrictions.

Understanding Hepaciviruses

• Hepaciviruses are similar to the human Hepatitis C virus and occur in several animal species. In particular, the Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) is the closest to the human version.
• Despite the fact that EqHV has been detected globally, the information regarding its epidemiology, genetic variation, and potential to cause disease is limited.

Research Methodology

• In this study, the researchers screened almost 2000 horse sera (blood samples) from Italy to determine the prevalence of EqHV.
• The researchers also analyzed 134 donkey sera but didn’t find any presence of EqHV.
• Detection was done using a TaqMan-based quantitative assay, a sensitive method that allows for precise detection and quantification of RNA viruses.

Major Findings

• The RNA of EqHV was found in 4.7% of horse sera, indicating that nearly 5 out of 100 horses were infected.
• Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on various portions of the genome (NS5B, 5’UTR, and NS3 genes) of the viruses isolated from the positive samples. This helps in understanding the genetic makeup and evolution of the viruses.
• The analysis revealed that the Italian EqHV strains segregated into two distinct types or clades. This genetic diversity suggests that different forms of the virus can co-exist within the same region/population.
• Interestingly, it was also noted that these two genetic clades (types) are co-circulating globally and are not restricted to certain geographic regions. This implies that factors other than geographical location influence the genetic diversity of EqHV.