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Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society2025; 43(12); 2152-2164; doi: 10.1002/jor.70085

Identification of Antibodies to Chondrocyte and Synoviocyte Antigens in Equine Osteoarthritis.

Abstract: Innate immune responses within the joint are now known to play a key role in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. However, comparatively little is known regarding the role of adaptive immune responses in OA, and whether they may be important for initiating and sustaining progressive low-level joint inflammation. Therefore, we evaluated spontaneous osteoarthritis in horses to investigate whether antibodies recognizing live joint cells (chondrocytes, synoviocytes) were present in blood or synovial fluid, and to identify possible cellular target antigens. We found that horses with advanced OA had antibodies present in synovial fluid (SF) and plasma that recognized antigens expressed by chondrocytes and synoviocytes isolated from healthy joint tissues. Antibody concentrations correlated with clinical and arthroscopic scoring of OA severity. Antigenic targets for antibody recognition were expressed intracellularly and proteomic analysis of a prominent 60 kD protein band identified several proteins, including vimentin, calreticulin, and Hsp60, all of which are known to be antibody targets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Histological analysis of synovial biopsy samples from OA horses revealed the presence of numerous tertiary lymphoid structures with well-formed germinal centers, consistent with local antibody production within the joint synovium. Taken together, these studies in equine osteoarthritis revealed the presence of antibodies recognizing antigens expressed by live cells in the joint, which resembled similar immunologic processes recently described in rheumatoid arthritis. Broader questions raised by these findings include identification of triggers for local antibody production and new strategies to target this immune pathway in progressive OA.
© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Orthopaedic Research ® published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
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Publication Date: 2025-10-21 PubMed ID: 41117710PubMed Central: PMC12604456DOI: 10.1002/jor.70085Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study investigates whether antibodies against joint cells exist in horses with osteoarthritis (OA) and explores potential targets of these antibodies within the joint.
  • The research focuses on understanding the adaptive immune response in OA and its role in chronic joint inflammation and disease progression.

Background and Objective

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease traditionally thought to be driven primarily by mechanical wear and innate immune activation.
  • Recent evidence highlights the role of innate immunity in OA, but the contribution of adaptive immunity, particularly antibodies, remains unclear.
  • The study aims to determine if horses with spontaneous OA produce antibodies targeting live joint cells (chondrocytes and synoviocytes) and to identify the specific cellular proteins involved.

Methodology

  • Samples of synovial fluid (SF) and plasma were collected from horses with advanced OA and compared to healthy controls.
  • Antibody presence and concentration against live chondrocytes and synoviocytes derived from healthy joint tissues were measured.
  • Proteomic analysis was conducted to identify the antigenic targets of these antibodies, focusing on a dominant 60 kD protein band.
  • Synovial biopsy samples from OA horses were examined histologically for evidence of localized immune responses.

Key Findings

  • Antibodies recognizing antigens on live chondrocytes and synoviocytes were found in both synovial fluid and plasma of horses with advanced OA.
  • The levels of these antibodies correlated with clinical signs and arthroscopic scores, indicating a relationship between antibody presence and OA severity.
  • Proteomic analysis identified intracellular proteins—including vimentin, calreticulin, and Hsp60—as major antibody targets.
  • These proteins are also known to elicit immune responses in rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting shared immunopathogenic mechanisms.
  • Histological analysis showed numerous tertiary lymphoid structures with germinal centers within synovial tissue, indicating local production of antibodies in the joint.

Interpretation and Implications

  • The presence of antibodies against joint cell antigens highlights a possible adaptive immune component in the pathogenesis of equine OA.
  • Local antibody production within the joint’s synovium suggests an ongoing immune response that may contribute to chronic inflammation and cartilage damage.
  • The similarity of immunologic targets to those in rheumatoid arthritis implies overlapping pathways between these diseases.
  • The findings raise important questions about what triggers this adaptive immune activation in OA, whether it is antigen-driven or a secondary response to joint damage.
  • Understanding these pathways could lead to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating antibody-mediated immune responses to slow or prevent progression of OA.

Conclusions

  • This study provides evidence that adaptive immunity, through antibodies targeting chondrocyte and synoviocyte antigens, may be integral to the development and progression of osteoarthritis in horses.
  • The identification of specific antigenic targets and the demonstration of local antibody generation within the joint opens new avenues for research into immune-based interventions in OA.
  • Future research should focus on elucidating triggers for local antibody production and exploring treatments that could disrupt this pathogenic immune loop.

Cite This Article

APA
Linde P, Kurihara J, Chow L, Williams ZJ, Hendrickson D, Bass L, Dow S, Pezzanite LM. (2025). Identification of Antibodies to Chondrocyte and Synoviocyte Antigens in Equine Osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res, 43(12), 2152-2164. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.70085

Publication

Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
ISSN: 1554-527X
NlmUniqueID: 8404726
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 43
Issue: 12
Pages: 2152-2164

Researcher Affiliations

Linde, Peter
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Kurihara, Jade
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Chow, Lyndah
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Williams, Zoë J
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Hendrickson, Dean
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Bass, Luke
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Dow, Steven
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Pezzanite, Lynn M
  • Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
  • Orthopaedic Research Center, Translational Medicine Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Osteoarthritis / immunology
  • Osteoarthritis / veterinary
  • Osteoarthritis / pathology
  • Chondrocytes / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Synoviocytes / immunology
  • Synovial Fluid / immunology
  • Male
  • Female

Grant Funding

  • Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University.
  • K01 OD037846 / NIH HHS
  • T32TR004366 / NIH/NCATS Colorado CTSA.
  • T32 TR004366 / NCATS NIH HHS
  • Boettcher Webb-Waring Foundation.
  • K01OD037846-01A1 / NIH.

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