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Microbiology spectrum2024; 12(10); e0109224; doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01092-24

Immune horses rapidly increase antileukoproteinase and lack type I interferon secretion during mucosal innate immune responses against equine herpesvirus type 1.

Abstract: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is one of the most prevalent respiratory pathogens in horses with a high impact on animal health worldwide. Entry of the virus into epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract and rapid local viral replication is followed by infection of local lymphoid tissues leading to cell-associated viremia and disease progression. Pre-existing mucosal immunity has previously been shown to reduce viral shedding and prevent viremia, consequently limiting severe disease manifestations. Here, nasopharyngeal transcriptomic profiling was used to identify differentially expressed genes following EHV-1 challenge in horses with different EHV-1 immune statuses. Immune horses (n = 4) did neither develop clinical disease nor viremia and did not shed virus after experimental infection, while non-immune horses (n = 4) did all the above. RNA sequencing was performed on nasopharyngeal samples pre- and 24 hours post-infection (24hpi). At 24hpi, 109 and 44 genes were upregulated in immune horses and non-immune horses, respectively, and three genes were explored in further detail. Antileukoproteinase (SLPI) gene expression increased 2.1-fold within 24 hours in immune horses in concert with protein secretion. Interferon (IFN)-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (IFIT2) and 3 (IFIT3) were upregulated in non-immune horses, corresponding with nasal IFN-α secretion and viral replication. By contrast, neither IFIT expression nor IFN-α secretion was induced by EHV-1 infection of immune horses. Transcriptomic profiling offered a tool to identify, for the first time, the role of SLPI in innate immunity against EHV-1, and further emphasized the central role of the type I IFN response in the anti-viral defense of non-immune horses. Objective: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) remains a considerable concern in the equine industry, with yearly outbreaks resulting in morbidity, mortality, and economic losses. In addition to its importance in equine health, EHV-1 is a respiratory pathogen and an alphaherpesvirus, and it may serve as a model for other viruses with similar pathogenicity or phylogeny. Large animal models allow the collection of high-volume samples longitudinally, permitting in-depth investigation of immunological processes. This study was performed on bio-banked nasopharyngeal samples from an EHV-1 infection experiment, where clinical outcomes had previously been determined. Matched nucleic acid and protein samples throughout infection permitted longitudinal quantification of the protein or related proteins of selected differentially expressed genes detected during the transcriptomic screen. The results of this manuscript identified novel innate immune pathways of the upper respiratory tract during the first 24 hours of EHV-1 infection, offering a first look at the components of early mucosal immunity that are indicative of protection.
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Publication Date: 2024-08-20 PubMed ID: 39162558PubMed Central: PMC11448092DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01092-24Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article investigates how a horse’s immune system responds to infection by equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), a common respiratory virus in horses. The study specifically focuses on differences in gene expression and immune response in horses with pre-existing immunity compared to those without.

Overview of Equine Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1)

  • This virus is a major respiratory pathogen in horses and has a significant impact on global horse health.
  • Early stages of the infection involve the virus entering epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract, rapidly replicating and spreading to local lymphoid tissues, which leads to disease progression.
  • Previous studies have shown that horses with pre-existing mucosal immunity shed fewer viruses and are less likely to have viremia (viruses present in the blood), both of which contribute to less severe disease symptoms.

Objective and Methodology

  • The researchers sought to compare gene expression in immune and non-immune horses following exposure to EHV-1.
  • The immune horses in the study didn’t develop any disease symptoms, viremia, or shed the virus after being exposed to EHV-1. On the other hand, the non-immune horses react with typical disease symptoms.
  • The team performed RNA sequencing on nasopharyngeal samples from the horses both prior to and 24 hours after infection.

Key Findings

  • The researchers found that immune horses had an increased expression (2.1-fold) of the antileukoproteinase (SLPI) gene within 24 hours of infection. This was accompanied by protein secretion.
  • In non-immune horses, there was an increase in expression of Interferon (IFN)-induced proteins which was associated with nasal IFN-α secretion and viral replication.
  • One remarkable finding was that neither SLPI expression nor IFN-α secretion was observed in EHV-1 infection of immune horses, highlighting different immune response mechanisms in immune and non-immune horses.

Concluding Remarks and Future Implications

  • The study was able to pinpoint the role of SLPI in the innate immunity of horses against EHV-1 for the first time. It also reinforced the centrality of the type I IFN response in the anti-viral defence of non-immune horses.
  • The team suggest that the novel immune pathways they’ve highlighted could be key to understanding early mucosal immunity and designing better strategies for protection against EHV-1 infection.

Cite This Article

APA
Holmes CM, Babasyan S, Eady N, Schnabel CL, Wagner B. (2024). Immune horses rapidly increase antileukoproteinase and lack type I interferon secretion during mucosal innate immune responses against equine herpesvirus type 1. Microbiol Spectr, 12(10), e0109224. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01092-24

Publication

Microbiology spectrum
ISSN: 2165-0497
NlmUniqueID: 101634614
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Pages: e0109224

Researcher Affiliations

Holmes, Camille M
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Babasyan, Susanna
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Eady, Naya
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
Schnabel, Christiane L
  • Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
Wagner, Bettina
  • Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / immunology
  • Herpesvirus 1, Equid / genetics
  • Herpesviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Herpesviridae Infections / immunology
  • Herpesviridae Infections / virology
  • Immunity, Innate
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Interferon Type I / immunology
  • Interferon Type I / genetics
  • Interferon Type I / metabolism
  • Immunity, Mucosal
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Virus Shedding
  • Virus Replication
  • Viremia / immunology
  • Viremia / veterinary
  • Nasopharynx / virology
  • Nasopharynx / immunology

Grant Funding

  • Harry M. Zweig Memorial Fund for Equine Research
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
  • USDA | National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

This article has been cited 2 times.
  1. Wagner B, Schnabel CL, Rollins A. Increase in Virus-Specific Mucosal Antibodies in the Upper Respiratory Tract Following Intramuscular Vaccination of Previously Exposed Horses Against Equine Herpesvirus Type-1/4. Vaccines (Basel) 2025 Mar 10;13(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines13030290pubmed: 40266191google scholar: lookup
  2. Holmes CM, Wagner B. Characterization of Nasal Mucosal T Cells in Horses and Their Response to Equine Herpesvirus Type 1. Viruses 2024 Sep 25;16(10).
    doi: 10.3390/v16101514pubmed: 39459849google scholar: lookup
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