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Journal of comparative pathology2007; 137 Suppl 1; S27-S31; doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.008

Immune responsiveness in the neonatal period.

Abstract: The maintenance of pregnancy requires suppression of the maternal immune system which would naturally recognize the developing fetus as an allograft and seek to destroy it by mounting a Th1 regulated cytotoxic immune response. During pregnancy a range of soluble factors are produced by the placenta which switch maternal immune regulation towards a protective Th2 phenotype. These factors also influence the developing fetal immune system and all newborns initially have an immunological milieu skewed towards Th2 immunity. Vaccination during the neonatal period must therefore overcome the dual challenge of the inhibitory effect of maternally derived antibody and this natural Th2 regulatory environment. One means of overcoming these obstacles is by the use of adjuvant systems that can redirect the neonatal immune response towards an appropriate Th1 regulated reaction that affords protection from infectious disease. In this overview, experiments are described in which viral antigens incorporated into immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) are able to induce immune responses with balanced Th1 and Th2 regulation in neonatal mice, as evidenced by the nature of the IgG subclass response and cytokine profile, and the induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes. ISCOM adjuvanted vaccines are able to induce similar protective immunity in the newborn of larger animal species including cattle, horses and dogs.
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Publication Date: 2007-06-04 PubMed ID: 17548093DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.008Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research paper explores how vaccines can overcome challenges due to maternal immune system suppression for protecting fetuses, which results in neonates having a Th2-dominant immune system. It proposes using immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) as a vaccination adjuvant to balance both Th1 and Th2 immune responses in newborn mammals.

Th1 and Th2 Immune Responses

  • The researchers point out that the maternal immune system naturally suppresses Th1 immune responses during pregnancy. Th1 responses are typically pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic, directing the immune system to destroy foreign cells.
  • This suppression occurs to prevent the mother’s immune system from recognizing the fetus as foreign and destroying it.
  • Due to factors produced by the placenta, the mother’s immune system is transitioned towards the Th2 phenotype which is non-cytotoxic and more geared towards maintaining the pregnancy.
  • The developing fetus is influenced by these factors, thus neonates are also born with a Th2-skewed immune system.

Challenges with Neonatal Vaccination

  • One of the main challenges with vaccinating newborns is their naturally suppressed Th1 immunity and dominant Th2 immunity. This can reduce the effectiveness of vaccinations that require a Th1 response to protect against infectious diseases.
  • Moreover, the maternal antibodies passed on to the newborn can also land inhibitory effects on vaccinations provided during the neonatal period.

Proposed Solution: ISCOMs as a Vaccination Adjuvants

  • In order to overcome these challenges, the researchers propose using immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) as adjuvants in vaccines.
  • An adjuvant is a substance that enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen. In this case, ISCOMs can be used to promote a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response.
  • Their study demonstrates this by incorporating viral antigens into ISCOMs and administering them to neonatal mice. They were able to induce a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response as shown by the IgG subclass response, cytokines produced, and the induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes.
  • This suggests that ISCOMs could serve effectively as vaccine adjuvants to overcome the natural Th2-skew of the neonatal immune system and the inhibitory effect of maternal antibodies.
  • This approach has also been shown to work in larger animal species like cattle, horses, and dogs, suggesting its potential broader application.

Cite This Article

APA
Morein B, Blomqvist G, Hu K. (2007). Immune responsiveness in the neonatal period. J Comp Pathol, 137 Suppl 1, S27-S31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.04.008

Publication

Journal of comparative pathology
ISSN: 0021-9975
NlmUniqueID: 0102444
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 137 Suppl 1
Pages: S27-S31

Researcher Affiliations

Morein, B
  • Department of Clinical Virology, Uppsala University, Sweden. bror.morein@telia.com
Blomqvist, G
    Hu, K

      MeSH Terms

      • Animals
      • Animals, Newborn / immunology
      • Animals, Newborn / physiology
      • Antibody Formation / immunology
      • Antibody Formation / physiology
      • Antigens, Viral / immunology
      • Cattle
      • Dogs
      • Horses
      • ISCOMs / immunology
      • Immune System / immunology
      • Immune System / physiology
      • Immunity, Maternally-Acquired / immunology
      • Immunity, Maternally-Acquired / physiology
      • Mice
      • Viral Vaccines / immunology

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